Two specimens (c.700 mm) of bull sharks Carcharhinus leucas (Müller & Henle, 1839) were caught and photographed by fishermen using trammel net on 29 September and 1 October 2017 in Musi River, South Sumatra province, Indonesia. These photos are considered as second record after 20 years (1997-2017), and first confirm inland record for Sumatra. Photographic records indicate specimens of C. leucas found in Musi River basin recorded about 75 km inland, and apparently very young juveniles. Further study and monitoring is needed to asses the possibility of the importance of Musi River basin as nursery area of C. leucas.

Endophytic fungi are friendly microbes colonizing in plants and play an effective role in plant-environment interactions. They produce valuable secondary metabolites that both plants and human beings can benefit from such products. In this study, an antioxidant-producing endophytic fungi were screened and identified from the leaves of Hippobroma longiflora (L.) G. Don which is one of the traditional medicinal plants. The objective of this study to evaluate the antioxidant activity of ethyl acetate extracts of 6 endophytic fungi isolated from Hippobroma longiflora (L.) G. Don. The qualitative and quantitative antioxidant activity was screened by scavenging 2,2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Qualitatively 6 extracts from the endophytic fungi isolates (AOL1, AOL2, AOL3, AOL4, AOL5, and AOL6) from Hippobroma longiflora (L.) G. Don showed antioxidant activity, but quantitatively the extracts that showed very strong activity was extracts from AOL1 isolate with IC50 values of 28.50 μg/mL. Based on phenotypic and molecular identification AOL1 isolate identified as Phyllosticta sp and produce alkaloid, flavonoid, and terpenoid.

Industri kain jumputan umumnya menggunakan zat warna sintetis golongan azo yang sulit didegradasi. Keberadaan limbah zat warna sintetis di lingkungan dapat mengganggu estetika, merusak ekosistem perairan dan kesehatan. Oleh karena itu diperlukan adanya upaya untuk melakukan biodekolorisasi melalui proses bioadsorpsi yang berpotensi menurunkan zat warna. Uji kemampuan bakteri indigen dalam dekolorisasi zat warna Direct Red 80 menggunakan metode spektrofotometri, dan analisis menggunakan Kromatografi Lapis Tipis. Peningkatan kemampuan adsorpsi oleh masing-masing bakteri memerlukan adanya optimasi parameter lingkungan. Diantara 8 bakteri indigen yang digunakan terdapat 5 bakteri yang memiliki kemampuan bioadsorpsi, dan persentase tertinggi yaitu Pseudomonas stutzeri BD 05 dan Bacillus tropicus BD 01. Pseudomonas stutzeri BD 05 memiliki kemampuan adsorpsi yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan Bacillus tropicus BD 01 yakni sebesar 92,48% sedangkan Bacillus tropicus BD 01 dengan persentase 89,52%. Analisa pola kromatogram dari hasil proses bioadsorpsi masing-masing bakteri tidak mengalami perubahan nilai Rf.

Endophytic fungi are fungi which live inside the host plant tissue and have been undergone a horizontal gene transfer process. Endophytic fungi are able to synthesize the same bioactive compounds which synthesized by their host plants. The host plant used in this research was dragon’s scales fern (Pyrrosia piloselloides (L.) M.G. Price). Dragon’s scales fern produces various of bioactive compounds which used as antibacterial agents such as polyphenols. This research was aimed to obtain endophytic fungi isolates from trophophyll fronds and sporophyll fronds of dragon’s scales fern, to determine the antibacterial activity of the secondary metabolite extracts of endophytic fungi, to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), to determine the characteristics of the endophytic fungi isolates which potentially as antibacterial source. Based on the research, 13 endophytic fungi isolates were obtained from dragon’s scales fern fronds consist of 5 isolates from trophophyll fronds and 8 isolates from sporophyll fronds. The antibacterial activity test showed that the extract of secondary metabolites of the isolate DTP2 had the highest inhibition zone diameter against E.coli 14.82 ± 4.05 mm, DTP4 against S.aureus 8.80 ± 0.03 mm and DSP4 against S.dysentriae 10.15 ± 0.36 mm. MIC of ethyl acetate extracts of secondary metabolites of isolate DTP2 against E.coli was 125 µg/mL, DTP4 against S.aureus was 125 µg/mL and DSP4 against S.dysentriae was 31.25 µg/mL. The endophytic fungi isolate DTP2 identified as Aureobasidium melanogenum, DTP4 identified as Penicillium alliisativi and DSP4 identified as Aspergillus flocculosus.

The antibiotic resistance of phatogenic bacteria has become a serious health problem and has encouraged the search for novel and effective antimicrobial metabolites. Meanwhile, endophytic fungi have great potential as a natural source for antimicrobial agents. The endophytic fungi that live in plant tissue produces secondary metabolites which potentially act as an antibacterial compound. The isolation of fungi for antibacterial sources reduces the large amount of plant as a source of antibacterial agents. Hence, this study aims to obtain endophytic fungi isolates from Paederia foetida L. that are capable of producing secondary metabolites as antibacterial, carry out in vitro tests to verify the antibacterial properties of secondary metabolites of the Paederia foetida L. endophytic fungi, and identify the potential of Paederia foetida L. endophytic fungi in producing antibacterial compounds. The antibacterial activity was tested against Escherichia coli ATCC8739 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC6538 while seven isolates of endophytic fungi that potentially produced antibacterial were obtained from Sembukan (P. foetida L.). The results showed that antibacterial activities of SL1, SL4 and SL6 secondary metabolites against S. aureus ATCC6538 and E. coli ATCC8739 were moderate to strong activities. Furthermore, the Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) of secondary metabolites extract of SL1 against S. aureus ATCC6538 value was 250 ????g/mL while the values of MIC extract of SL4 against S. aureus ATCC6538 and E. coli ATCC8739 were 125 ????g/mL and 250 ????g/mL respectively and MIC extract of SL6 against E. coli ATCC8739 value was 125 ????g/mL. The secondary metabolites extract of SL1 isolate were alkaloid and tannin, SL4 were phenolic and alkaloid while SL6 isolate were alkaloid and terpenoid. Hence, endophytic fungi SL1 isolate was identified as Fusarium sp., SL4 as Dematophora sp., and SL6 isolate as Acremonium sp.