It is known that microcystin (MC) is subject to microbial degradation to provide three types of products, linearized MCLR (Adda-Glu-Mdha-Ala-Leu-MeAsp-Arg), tetrapeptide Adda-Glu-Mdha-Ala, and Adda. They can be readily detected by the usual HPLC, because they commonly have an Adda moiety with a diene and an absorption maximum at 238 nm as the chromophore. However, no other degradation products without such a chromophore have been isolated to date. In this study, cell preparation of a bacterium B-9 that can degrade MC and detection of the degradation products were devised. First, we regulated the B-9 hydrolytic activity by washing with sodium chloride solution to obtain a desired cell preparation, which permitted an additional intermediate and the final products of MCLR to be obtained. Second, the resulting products could be firmly identified using the advanced Marfey method with the aid of log D. As a result of these experiments, the following degradation products were further identified: a tetrapeptide, Adda-Glu-Mdha-Ala, tripeptides Adda-Glu-Mdha, Glu-Mdha-Ala, and Arg-MeAsp-Leu, a dipeptide, Glu-Mdha, and amino acids Adda, Arg, and methylamine derived from Mdha. The present study expands the hydrolytic activity of the B-9 strain, which can hydrolyze not only cyanobacterial cyclic peptides but also MC to the intermediates and final products. The established characterization method composed of the advanced Marfey method and log D would be a standard technique for the structural characterization of a mixture of amino acids and peptides.
Considerando-se a evidente busca por alimentos de rápido e fácil preparo, as comunidades industrial e científica vêm investindo no desenvolvimento de novos produtos que, além de atenderem a essa demanda, possam oferecer benefícios à saúde do consumidor. Dentre os alimentos que não demandam muito tempo para o preparo no domicílio, o hambúrguer merece destaque, em função do seu elevado consumo. No entanto, em razão de conter gordura saturada e por ser submetido a processo de fritura, o consumo demasiado desse produto pode ser prejudicial à saúde humana, podendo causar doenças crônicas, entre as quais, a obesidade e a hipertensão. Estudos têm demonstrado a possibilidade de substituição de ingredientes na formulação de hambúrgueres, com a intenção de incorporar substâncias com propriedades funcionais; portanto, substâncias que possam contribuir para a saúde e o bem-estar dos consumidores. Nesse contexto, esta revisão aborda questões referentes ao hambúrguer, no sentido de conceituar o produto e, à luz da literatura, oferecer alternativas possíveis e que têm sido estudadas para tornar esse alimento mais saudável, com foco na substituição de gordura animal por fibras e na redução do teor de cloreto de sódio.
The effect of storage on mycoflora profile was monitored bimonthly in 36 corn (Zea mays L.) samples, dividing the same sample into groups dried to 11 and 14% moisture content (1008 analysis). These groups were further subdivided based on the initial total count (moulds and yeasts) up to 10(4) CFU g(-1) (12 samples, range 1.6 x 10(4) to 9.0 x 10(4), mean 3.8 x 10(4) CFU g(-1)) and up to 10(5) CFU g(-1) (24 samples, range 1.0 x 10(5) to 5.0 x 10(5), mean 2.7 x 10(5) CFU g(-1)). In the corn group dried to 11%, the fumonisin content was analysed at the initial stage (freshly harvested) and at the end of 12-month storage. Fusarium spp. and Penicillium spp. prevailed at the freshly harvested stage (100%), maintaining this profile throughout 12 months, in corn dried to both 11 and 14%. Cladosporium spp., Aspergillus spp. and Phoma spp. were also detected at lower frequencies during the storage. Fusarium spp. and the total fungal colony count during 12-month storage carried out with samples dried to 11 or 14% moisture content were statistically evaluated using ANOVA for randomized complete block design. The correlation between storage time and Fusarium spp. and total fungal colony count data was analysed by Pearson's correlation test. There was no difference in Fusarium spp. and total counts in the 10(4) CFU g(-1) initial total count group throughout the storage time (p < 0.05). There was a negative correlation between fungal population and storage time (p < 0.05) in the 10(5) CFU g(-1) initial total count group. Fumonisins were detected in all freshly harvested corn, at a mean concentration of 9.9 +/- 6.0 micro g g(-1) (range 0.74-22.6 micro g g(-)1). These values did not change in the 12-month stored corn (mean of 9.9 +/- 5.8 micro g g(-1), range 0.81-23.7 micro g g(-1)). These post harvest data indicated the importance of moisture content at the crop harvesting/predrying stage to control fungal growth and further fumonisin production.
ResumoCom o intuito de suprir a demanda e o progresso na piscicultura, o setor industrial investiu na produção de rações, cuja formulação depende de ingredientes constituídos de grãos susceptíveis à contaminação por fungos micotoxigênicos. O trabalho visou avaliar a composição química (qualidade nutricional), aliada à susceptibilidade ao risco de contaminação por micotoxinas (aflatoxina e fumonisina), em 42 amostras de ração, pertencentes a cinco marcas comerciais, utilizadas nos pesqueiros da Região de Londrina-PR. A análise da composição química indicou qualidade nutricional adequada das rações, não se constatando diferença significativa na composição bromatológica geral entre os tipos de rações extrusada e peletizada (p>0,05). Os níveis de aflatoxina variaram desde não detectável a 15,60 ng/g, com 61,90% de amostras em níveis <4ng/g, indicando estar dentro da recomendação nacional, fixada em 20 ng/g. Em relação a fumonisina (não detectado a 11,22µg/g), 76,20% das amostras apresentaram níveis <4µg/g. Não se constatou diferença entre ração peletizada e extrusada para os níveis destas micotoxinas (p>0,05), porém a co-ocorrência de aflatoxina com fumonisina em 23,8% das rações, sugeriu risco de sinergismo tóxico, apontando a importância de monitoramento no controle de micotoxinas na dieta de peixes. Por outro lado, considerando a constante renovação de rações nos pesqueiros, pode-se inferir uma baixa possibilidade do incremento de aflatoxina e fumonisina devido a armazenagem local, devendo o ponto crítico ser direcionado ao estágio de produção de matéria prima no campo e pré-processamento, independentemente de marca ou diferenças nutricionais. Palavras-chave: Aflatoxinas, fumonisinas, ração, piscicultura. AbstractWith intention to supply the demand and progress of aquaculture, the industrial sector invested in the production of feed, whose formulation depends on grains susceptible for mycotoxigenic fungi. The objective of this work was to evaluate the chemical composition (nutricional quality) associated with the
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