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The purpose of this chapter is to analyze the influence of cultural factors on social entrepreneurship in Spain in the context of the recent economic crisis. Data from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) and Spanish Statistics Institute (INE) for the period 2005-2010 are used as the main sources of information and a panel data analysis is applied in the empirical part of the research. Through the lens of institutional economics, the main findings of the study suggest that informal factors such as cultural factors "perceived opportunities to create a start-up" and "entrepreneur's social image" are key drivers of social entrepreneurship during the depression period. This study contributes for the design of policies to foster social entrepreneurial activity as well as for the development of the literature in the social entrepreneurship field.

Background Hypotension and blood pressure (BP) variability during endovascular therapy (EVT) for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) due to an anterior large vessel occlusion (LVO) is associated with worse outcomes. However, the optimal BP threshold during EVT is still unknown given the lack of randomized controlled evidence. We designed the DETERMINE trial to assess whether an individualized BP management during EVT could achieve better functional outcomes compared to a standard BP management. Methods The DETERMINE trial is a multicenter, prospective, randomized, controlled, open-label, blinded endpoint clinical trial (PROBE design). AIS patients with a proximal anterior LVO are randomly assigned, in a 1:1 ratio, to an experimental arm in which mean arterial pressure (MAP) is maintained within 10% of the first MAP measured before EVT, or a control arm in which systolic BP (SBP) is maintained within 140–180 mm Hg until reperfusion is achieved or artery closure in case of EVT failure. The primary outcome is the rate of favorable functional outcomes, defined by a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) between 0 and 2 at 90 days. Secondary outcomes include excellent outcome and ordinal analysis of the mRS at 90 days, early neurological improvement at 24 h (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale), final infarct volume, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage rates, and all-cause mortality at 90 days. Overall, 432 patients will be included. Discussion DETERMINE will assess the clinical relevance of an individualized BP management before reperfusion compared to the one size fits all approach currently recommended by international guidelines. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04352296. Registered on 20th April 2020.

The purpose of this chapter is to analyse the institutional factors that condition entrepreneurial activity, distinguishing between social and commercial entrepreneurship and using institutional theory as conceptual framework. We statistically test our hypotheses through linear regression models in a global setting using a sample of 43 countries and data from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, Doing Business, and Worldwide Governance Indicators (2009). Compared with commercial entrepreneurship we find that social entrepreneurship is positively influenced by education level whereas the minimum capital requirements do not affect the social entrepreneurial process in contrast to commercial entrepreneurship. In addition, the results suggest that role models and fear of failure influence social entrepreneurship. This study contributes theoretically (advancing in the literature with an integrated model that relates institutions and entrepreneurial activity considering the relationship between social and commercial entrepreneurial activity) and practically (for the design of policies to foster both social and commercial entrepreneurship).