Muitas crianças usuárias de meios alternativos de comunicação se encontram educacionalmente segregadas, mesmo não havendo evidências de que tais ambientes pudessem ser mais benéficos na promoção de sua comunicação e do desenvolvimento da linguagem do que ambientes não segregados. Os efeitos potencialmente positivos do ambiente escolar inclusivo ainda não foram plenamente descritos. No entanto, explicações teóricas recentes sobre o desenvolvimento lingüístico sugerem que a comunicação e o desenvolvimento de linguagem de crianças usuárias de sistemas de comunicação manual e gráficas possam estar melhor amparados em ambientes de pré-escola inclusiva do que em espaços segregados, desde que as práticas comunicativas dos adultos e dos pares sejam suficientemente adaptadas às habilidades e limitações das crianças. Neste contexto é possível o desenvolvimento e a facilitação das interações criança-criança e constituição cultural do sujeito. Os exemplos apresentados ilustram como as práticas inclusivas podem ser utilizadas para promover o desenvolvimento de linguagem alternativa em crianças com diversas habilidades e limitações, sugerindo várias formas de interação entre as crianças que desenvolvem diferentes modos de comunicação e seus pares, incluindo situações envolvendo disputas infantis do cotidiano escolar. Além disso, são indicadas razões que justificam os benefícios dos ambientes inclusivos para muitas crianças que estão desenvolvendo comunicação alternativa.
The present paper discusses the theoretical bases of language development and inclusion, and describes some strategies for scaffolding the communication and language development of children who use manual and graphic communication in ordinary preschool settings. The potential positive effects of being part of an inclusive setting are not yet fully described, but they will depend on whether the language environment is sufficiently adapted to the abilities and limitations of the children. The examples presented focus on child -child interactions and illustrate that alternative language development and enculturation may be supported by the communicative practices of adults and children in ordinary preschools. The examples also illustrate how inclusive practices may be used to promote alternative language development in children with different abilities and limitations; suggest several ways in which peers may interact with children who develop alternative means of communication, including situations involving ordinary child conflicts; and indicate reasons why inclusive settings may be beneficial for many children developing alternative communication.
Background: Is the increasing prevalence of autistic disorder (AD) a well-documented trend or merely a reflection of the wider recognition of AD among both the public at large and health care professionals? Data from relevant studies are frequently compromised by comparisons of different sites and different diagnostic methods. Objectives: To explore changes over time, we reviewed the following: 1) the frequency of AD diagnoses; 2) the characteristics of the diagnosed children; and 3) the ages of the children when initial concerns were addressed and AD diagnoses made. Method: We compared the case records of children between the ages of 1 and 17 years who were residing in Nordland County, Norway, and who were diagnosed with AD during two different data collection periods: 1992 (Cohort 1) and 2009 (Cohort 2). Results: In Cohort 1, 28 children were diagnosed with AD; 71 children in Cohort 2 received AD diagnoses. The increase was greatest among children with intelligence quotient (IQ) values of at least 70. The proportion of children with genetic syndromes was around 20% in both cohorts. Median age at AD diagnosis did not differ between the two cohorts (4.5 vs. 5.0 years, respectively). When the two cohorts were combined, children with IQ values of 70 or more without a genetic syndrome and those with IQ values of less than 50 with genetic syndromes were diagnosed at approximately the same age (5.5 and 5.3 years, respectively). Both groups were significantly older at diagnosis as compared with children with IQ values of less than 50 without genetic syndromes (3.5 years). Conclusions:The increase in the number of children diagnosed with AD is consistent with findings from international studies. Contrary to predictions, the age at diagnosis was not reduced over time. A higher proportion of children with IQ values in the average range in the latter cohort may have contributed to this. A delayed diagnosis of AD among children with genetic syndromes may indicate that early autism symptoms are attributed to the genetic condition. Clinical implications are discussed.
Inclusion may be defined as having a full and active part in the life of the mainstream kindergarten or school. There are professional, political and ethical reasons for striving for inclusion and there are different approaches to how inclusive education and training of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) should be organized. The basis for the illustrative case excerpts presented here is a blend of social constructivism, event cognition and ecological psychology. Children with ASD vary widely and intervention has to be based on knowledge about development, learning and autism in general, as well as knowledge about the individual child and his or her proximal environment or ecology. Many children with ASD need some one-to-one education but participation in child-managed activities and events is a core element of true inclusion. The case excerpts illustrate principles for how this may be achieved.Keywords: Autism Spectrum Disorder; inclusion; peer relations; enculturation. Stephen Von Tetzchner -Elisabeth Grindheim A inclusão de crianças com Transtornos do Espectro do Autismo através de atividade compartilhada com seus pares ResumoInclusão pode ser definida como desempenhar um papel pleno e ativo no contexto regular da escola ou da pré-escola. Há razões profissionais, política e ética para lutar pela inclusão e existem diferentes abordagens que versam sobre como a educação inclusiva e o treinamento de crianças com transtornos do espectro do autismo (TEA) devam ser organizados. Os casos ilustrados no presente trabalho fundamentam-se em uma combinação de abordagens incluindo o construtivismo social, a cognição de eventos e a psicologia ecológica. As características de crianças com TEA variam amplamente e a intervenção deve ter como base o conhecimento sobre desenvolvimento, aprendizagem e o autismo em geral, assim como informações sobre a criança e seu ambiente proximal ou ecológico. Muitas crianças com TEA precisam de educação individualizada, mas a participação em atividades e eventos dirigidos pela criança é um elemento essencial da verdadeira inclusão. Os casos ilustram os princípios de como isso pode ser alcançado.
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