Purpose: Echocardiography is the most commonly used modality for assessing the heart in clinical practice. In an echocardiographic exam, an ultrasound probe samples the heart from different orientations and positions, thereby creating different viewpoints for assessing the cardiac function. The determination of the probe viewpoint forms an essential step in automatic echocardiographic image analysis.Approach: In this study, convolutional neural networks are used for the automated identification of 14 different anatomical echocardiographic views (larger than any previous study) in a dataset of 8,732 videos acquired from 374 patients. Differentiable architecture search approach was utilised to design small neural network architectures for rapid inference while maintaining high accuracy. The impact of the image quality and resolution, size of the training dataset, and number of echocardiographic view classes on the efficacy of the models were also investigated.Results: In contrast to the deeper classification architectures, the proposed models had significantly lower number of trainable parameters (up to 99.9% reduction), achieved comparable classification performance (accuracy 88.4-96.0%, precision 87.8-95.2%, recall 87.1-95.1%) and real-time performance with inference time per image of 3.6-12.6ms.Conclusion: Compared with the standard classification neural network architectures, the proposed models are faster and achieve comparable classification performance. They also require less training data. Such models can be used for real-time detection of the standard views.

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This paper investigates demodulation of di erentially phase modulated signals DPMS using optimal HMM lters. The optimal HMM lter presented in the A s i m ulation study is also presented.

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