The importance of innovation within organizations has been demonstrated on numerous occasions, which has subsequently led to the identification of effective leadership as a potential catalyst. Accordingly, empirical findings have repeatedly demonstrated a positive relationship between transformational leadership and work unit effectiveness measures. This study explores the relationship between transformational leadership and employee innovative work behaviour, additionally examining the moderating effect of gender of the manager and gender of the employee. Data were gathered within four Australian hospitals, generating a dataset of 335 respondents. The findings revealed a positive and significant relationship between transformational leadership and innovative work behaviour. Furthermore, gender of the manager moderated the latter relationship, indicating that employees report more innovative behaviour when the transformational leadership is displayed by male in comparison with female managers, confirming our gender bias hypothesis. No significant effect was found for the threeway interaction of transformational leadership, gender of the manager, and gender of the employee. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.

1 The pharmacokinetics of salbutamol and its sulphate conjugate metabolite were investigated after intravenous and steady-state oral administration of salbutamol to 10 healthy volunteers. 2 With intravenous administration, total plasma clearance was 480 ± 123 ml min-1, elimination half-life was 3.86 ± 0.83 h and apparent volume of distribution was 156 ± 381. Urinary excretion of unchanged drug and sulphate conjugate were 64.2 ± 7.1% and 12.0 ± 3.1% of the dose, respectively. 3 With oral administration, systemic availability was 0.50 ± 0.04, and urinary excretion of unchanged drug and sulphate conjugate were 31.8 ± 1.9% and 48.2 ± 7.3% of the dose, respectively. The drug eliminated on the first-pass could be accounted for entirely as sulphate conjugate formed, presumably, in the intestinal wall. 4 Renal clearance of salbutamol was 291 ± 70 ml min-' after intravenous and 272 ± 38 ml min-' after oral administration, while the renal clearance of the sulphate conjugate was 98.5 ± 23.5 ml min-1 after oral administration. 5 Heart rate increased with increasing plasma salbutamol concentration, although a lag was evident. The effect on heart rate was lower after 24 h continuous oral salbutamol administration.

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Purpose This study aims to review the empirical studies on empowering leadership in hospitality and tourism and proposes an associated research agenda. Design/methodology/approach A disciplined selection process using transparent inclusion and exclusion criteria resulted in a final sample of 25 empirical studies. The research results from these studies were systematically analyzed using content analysis. Findings The synthesis of these articles highlights that: studies on empowering leadership in hospitality and tourism are mainly based on motivational theories and theories with a social orientation; empowering leadership has been examined within various cultures mostly using quantitative methods; multiple instruments are used to measure empowering leadership; and empowering leadership is a variously defined construct that has been found to promote creativity and innovation, service performance and various employee attitudes and behaviors. Research limitations/implications The authors provide an integrated framework for empowering leadership in hospitality and tourism contexts, proposing theoretical implications and directions for further research. Practical implications This review identified growing research interest in empowering leadership in diverse hospitality and tourism contexts, as well as an increasing impetus to understand how leaders can effectively empower their subordinates. Originality/value The study provides a systematic understanding of empirical research examining the theoretical frameworks, antecedents, mediators, moderators and consequences of empowering leadership in various hospitality and tourism contexts. Significant opportunities remain for further research to address the gaps and limitations discovered.