Selective laser melting (SLM) has previously been shown to be a viable method for fabricating biomedical implants; however, the surface chemistry of SLM fabricated parts is poorly understood. In this study, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to determine the surface chemistries of (a) SLM as-fabricated (SLM-AF) Ti6Al4V and (b) SLM fabricated and mechanically polished (SLM-MP) Ti6Al4V samples and compared with (c) traditionally manufactured (forged) and mechanically polished Ti6Al4V samples. The SLM-AF surface was observed to be porous with an average surface roughness (Ra) of 17.6±3.7μm. The surface chemistry of the SLM-AF was significantly different to the FGD-MP surface with respect to elemental distribution and their existence on the outermost surface. Sintered particles on the SLM-AF surface were observed to affect depth profiling of the sample due to a shadowing effect during argon ion sputtering. Surface heterogeneity was observed for all three surfaces; however, vanadium was witnessed only on the mechanically polished (SLM-MP and FGD-MP) surfaces. The direct and indirect 3T3 cell cytotoxicity studies revealed that the cells were viable on the SLM fabricated Ti6Al4V parts. The varied surface chemistry of the SLM-AF and SLM-MP did not influence the cell behaviour.

A new type of photocrosslinkable polycaprolactone (PCL) based ink that is suitable for three-dimensional (3D) inkjet printing has been developed. Photocrosslinkable Polycaprolactone dimethylacrylate (PCLDMA) was synthesized and mixed with poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) to prepare an ink with a suitable viscosity for inkjet printing. The ink performance under different printing environments, initiator concentrations, and post processes was studied. This showed that a nitrogen atmosphere during printing was beneficial for curing and material property optimization, as well as improving the quality of structures produced. A simple structure, built in the z-direction, demonstrated the potential for this material for the production of 3D printed objects. Cell tests were carried out to investigate the biocompatibility of the developed ink. © 2016 The Authors Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 1645-1657, 2017.

In recent years, there has been increased research interest in generating corneal substitutes, either for use in the clinic or as in vitro corneal models. The advancement of 3D microfabrication technologies has allowed the reconstruction of the native microarchitecture that controls epithelial cell adhesion, migration and differentiation. In addition, such technology has allowed the inclusion of a dynamic fluid flow that better mimics the physiology of the native cornea. We review the latest innovative products in development in this field, from 3D microfabricated hydrogels to microfluidic devices.

In eukaryotes, cytoplasmic and nuclear volumes are tightly regulated to ensure proper cell homeostasis. However, the detailed mechanisms underlying nucleus-cytoplasm volumetric coupling remain unknown. Recent evidence supports a primary role of osmotic mechanisms in determining a tight link between nuclear and cytoplasmic volume, but this hypothesis remains largely untested in mammalian cells. We approach the question in single cultured adhering human cells, by jointly measuring cytoplasmic and nuclear volumes, in real time and across cell cycles. Surprisingly, we find that cytoplasmic and nuclear volumes follow different average growth laws: while the cytoplasm grows exponentially, the nucleus grows linearly. Moreover, by combining several experimental perturbations and analyzing a mathematical model including osmotic effects and tension, we conclude that the mechanical forces exerted by the cytoskeleton on the nuclear envelope can strongly affect nucleus-cytoplasm volumetric coupling by biasing nuclear import. Our results unveil how osmo-mechanical equilibrium regulates nuclear size in mammalian cells.One-Sentence SummaryCytoskeletal forces exerted on the nuclear envelope impact on nuclear volume through modulation of force-coupled nucleo-cytoplasmic transport, affecting osmosis.

Carbomers, cross-linked poly(acrylic acid) microgels, have been widely used in pharmaceutical formulations as swollen hydrogels. Agarose, whose thermoreversibility may be exploited for drug loading, forms a gel with a mechanism involving coil-helix transition at about 36 °C. In this work carbomer microgels were combined with agarose networks in a semi-interpenetrating polymer network structure, aiming at obtaining suitable delivery systems for the loading and release of molecules with poor bioavailability but high therapeutic interest, like resveratrol. The rheological properties of the formulations and their in vitro cytocompatibility were studied and optimized acting on the neutralizing agent (triethylamine (N,N-diethylethanamine), triethanolamine (tris(2-hydroxyethyl)amine) and sodium hydroxide) and amount of OH donors (1,2-propanediol and glycerol). As a preparation method, autoclaving was introduced to simultaneously obtain heating and sterilising. Among the different neutralizing agents, NaOH was chosen to avoid the use of amines, considering the final application. Without the addition of alcohols as typical OH donors to induce Carbomer gelification, gels with appropriate rheological properties and stability were produced. For this formulation, the release of resveratrol after 7 days was about 80 % of the loaded mass, suggesting it is an interesting approach to be exploited for the development of innovative resveratrol delivery systems.