Two types of measures of length of future time perspective were differentiated: measures of cognitive prospective span (time over which future images are projected) and measures of combined cognitive-motivational future time perspective. It was hypothesized that length of distinctively individual, cognitive perspective would increase over age levels and would be negatively correlated with life satisfaction among children but positively correlated among adolescents. It was predicted that cognitive-motivational future time perspective would increase with age and would be positively correlated with life satisfaction among both children and adults. In a sample of 168 girls, length of cognitive perspective decreased over age levels, but was related to life satisfaction as predicted. The hypotheses regarding cognitive-motivational perspective were supported.

Recently both research and theoretical mterest have mcreasmgly focused upon the significance of man's ability to conceptualize the future (See the hterature reviews by Wallace & Rabm, i960, and Fraisse, 1963.) Lewin (1946) theorized that the maturation process mvolves an enlargement of the mdividual's time perspective so that greater spans of both past and future time are mtegrated mto the psychological present Frank (1939) and Hartmann (1958) described the capacity to anticipate the future as an ego function providmg the necessary basis for the ability to delay impulse gratification and endure temporary frustrationsIn spite of widespread theoretical mterest m the topic, empincal research regardmg length of FTP has been characterized by conceptual and methodological difficulties Smce face-validity has been used as the major cnterion to justify several qmte dissimilar measures of length of FTP, the accumulation of replicable findmgs across studies has been difficult (See the cntical discussions of Wallace & Rabm, i960, and Heimberg, 1963 ) Efforts to establish the demographic, behavioral, and personahty correlates of length of FTP m children have yielded provocative, but often mconsistent or inconclusive flndmgs. For example, Vmcent's (1965) high-achievmg adolescents had a long-Bamdt, R J , & Jdaasaa, D M lime onentaticm m ddinquents J abnorm soc Psychd, 1955, 51, 343-345 Brock, T C , & Del Ciudice, C Stealing and temporal onentation / abnorm soc Psychd , 1963, SS, 91-94 Brownlee, K A Statisttcal theory and methodology in sctence and engmeermg New Yoric Wiley, i960 Buterbaugh, R L Preference for delayed reward as a funcbon of delinquency and race Unpublished master's thesis, Kent State Umver, 1962 Davids, A, Kidder, C, & Reich, M Time onaitation m male and f«nale juvenile delmquents / abnorm soc Psychol, 1962, 14, 239-240 Davids, A, & Parenti, A N Time onentation and mterpersonal relations of emotionally disturbed and ncHinal children J abnorm soc Psychol, 1958, 5T, 299-305 Epley, D, & Ricks, D F Foresight and hmdsight m the TAT / proi Tech, 1963, 17, 51-59 Elson, M E Analysis of time perspectives at five age levels Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Umver erf Chicago, 1951 Famham-Diggory, S Self, future, and time A developmental study of the concepts of psychotic, brain-damaged, and nonnal children Monogr Soc Res Chdd Develpm, 1966, 31 Fraisse, P The psychology of time New York Harper and Row, 1963 Frank, L K Time perspecbves / soc PhU, 1939, 4, 293-312 Freeman, S A Time perspectives as a function of socioeconomic grcmp and age Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Umver of Southern Califorma, 1964 Craves, T D Time perspective and the deferred gratification pattem m a tnethnic commimity Unpublished doctoral dissertaticm, Umver of Pennsylvania, 1962 Hartmann, H Ego psychology and the problem of adaptation Trans David Rapaport New York International Umversities Press, 1958 Heimberg, L K The measurement of future time perfective Unpubh^ed doctoral dissertation, Vanderbilt Umver, 1963 Kastenbaum, R J The dimensio...

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Despite numerous studies of the relationships among symptoms manifested by children and adolescents, there have been few systematic attempts to group individuals on the basis of the syndromes identified. In the course of a treatment evaluation project requiring classification of both child patients and untreated controls, the present study was conducted to determine whether replicable types of children and adolescents could be identified by the cluster analysis of their IJR Behavior Checklist profiles. One clinical sample (N = 185) and two mixed clinical and normal subsamples (Ns of 358 and 373) were cluster-analyzed separately. Seven types that replicated across at least two subsamples were identified: (1) High Assets, Flat Symptom Profile; (2) Sociopathic, Academic Problems; (3) Moderate Assets, Egocentric, Incontinent; (4) Insecure, Somaticizing, Underachieving; (5) Aggressive, Overreactive; (6) Schizoid, Withdrawn, Anxious, Bizarre; and (7) Diffuse, Mixed Pathology. The issue posed by the title of the article was explored in the light of the findings.

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