Handedness is a feature of human motor control that is still not fully understood. Recent work has demonstrated that the dominant and nondominant arm each excel at different behaviors, and has proposed that this behavioral asymmetry arises from lateralization in the cerebral cortex: the dominant side specializes in predictive trajectory control, while the nondominant side is specialized for impedance control. Long-latency stretch reflexes are an automatic mechanism for regulating posture, and have been shown to contribute to limb impedance. To determine whether long-latency reflexes also contribute to asymmetric motor behavior in the upper limbs, we investigated the effect of arm dominance on stretch reflexes during a postural task that required varying degrees of impedance control. Our results demonstrated slightly but significantly larger reflex responses in the biarticular muscles of the nondominant arm, as would be consistent with increased impedance control. These differences were attributed solely to higher levels of voluntary background activity in the nondominant biarticular muscles, indicating that feedforward strategies for postural stability may differ between arms. Reflex sensitivity, which was defined as the magnitude of the reflex response for matched levels of background activity, was not significantly different between arms for a broad subject population ranging from 23–51 years of age. These results indicate that inter-arm differences in feedforward strategies are more influential during posture than differences in feedback sensitivity, in a broad subject population. Interestingly, restricting our analysis to subjects under 40 years of age revealed a small increase in long-latency reflex sensitivity in the nondominant arm relative to the dominant arm. Though our subject numbers were small for this secondary analysis, it suggests that further studies may be required to assess the influence of reflex lateralization throughout development.

Handedness has been proposed as a laterality of motor control specialization: the dominant limb specializes in controlling limb trajectory using feed-forward mechanisms, while the non-dominant limb is specialized for position control, reliant largely upon feedback mechanisms. Experimental motor control research has tended to use the dominant arm, which could bias our understanding of control toward dominant-sided mechanisms. To determine if this is the case for our work on rapid motor responses, we here investigate the effect of laterality on long-latency reflexes, which are a rapid feedback response to perturbations of limb posture. Our results confirm previous work showing that environmental instabilities increase long-latency reflex gain, but we did not observe any difference between the dominant and non-dominant arm. Both arms displayed similar reflex responses during a stabilizing postural task, despite the proposed advantage of the non-dominant side for position feedback control. This suggests that the lateralized specialization of motor control is confined to different cortical pathways than those involved in this reflex response.