Political discourse employs colorful expressions to establish strong relationships with the audience. Speakers or writers exploit the relationship between human language and socio-political experiences to initiate creative discourses through modification of expressions. Against this background, this study sets out to investigate the meaning of modified idiomatic expressions in Kenyan political discourse. The study has two objectives: to describe the structural and lexical modification of idiomatic expressions and to interpret the modified forms using vital relations. The study employs descriptive research design. The study randomly sampled ten idioms used during the 2017 General Elections and used content analysis to establish the lexical and structural relationships between the canonical and modified expressions. The idioms were analyzed using the Conceptual Integration Theory to preserve the link between two expressions and account for the emergent meaning. The study found that Kenyan political discourse achieves figurative competencies through modified idioms. Interpretation of modified idioms requires a thorough understanding of vital relations and pragmatic inferences. Further, Cognitive Linguistics establishes backstage cognition and supplies the elements omitted by grammar. The study concludes that modified idiomatic expressions achieve contextual significance. Consumers of modified idiomatic expressions should immerse themselves in the socio-political backgrounds to unmask the emergent meaning.

The study examines the sexuality communication between the clergy and adolescents in Nakuru County, Kenya. The study uses Systems theory anchored by Ludwing Von Bertalanffy (1969). Eighty students were sampled from ten secondary schools in Nakuru East and Njoro sub-counties representing both urban and rural teacher population. The schools included six same-sex secondary (three only boys and three only girls) schools and four mixed-sex secondary schools. The categories of the schools included two national schools, three extra-county schools, three county schools and two sub-county schools. The study used a self-administered questionnaire as a method of data collection, which was appropriate for collecting sensitive information such as sexual communication yet provide quantifiable data that can be used for statistical analysis. The schools were categorized from letter A to J. The results of this study showed that although the clergy engage the adolescents in some sexuality communication, the sexuality information communicated by the clergy was insufficient to help them manage the sexuality challenges they encounter. This is partly because adolescents did not consider their interests as fully taken into account since the clergy used strategies that were convenient for them, but failed to address the adolescents’ needs. The study suggested that clergy should be more accommodative of the views of the adolescents by considering the feedback regarding their interests and concerns. A good system will seek balance through interchanging with its environment and this comes through those feedback loops that enlighten the system on how or what to modify in order to maintain the system balance.

Limited knowledge and devastating perceptions about mental illness remain a concern in various countries of the world, especially in developing countries. This lack of knowledge has been found in studies as a key cause of weird beliefs people have about mental illnesses (particularly schizophrenia). Generally, schizophrenics are widely misunderstood and stigmatized in Kenya. They are made fun of, blamed and criticized for their sickness.There is a dearth of information in the Kenyan context. This study sought to find out the cultural attributes associated with deviant language among trilingual schizophrenics in Nakuru Level Five Hospital. The study adopted a phenomenological qualitative design underpinned by the Multilingual Production Model. The main instrument of data collection was questionnaire and group focus discussion.Data were drawn from six health personnel and six relatives of the schizophrenics obtained through purposive sampling. The data were analyzed descriptively. The transcribed data were evaluated for social attributes linked to schizophrenia. The study's findings indicate that superstitions; family living condition; stressful life events and divine are some of the cultural and belief systems associated with the trigger of schizophrenia for those predisposed to the condition. This study will enlighten linguists, psychologists, relatives and kin of the patients and teachers in all institutions of learning.

Introduction and Background to the Study Stand-up comedy is a comic style where a stand-up comedian either performs in front of a live audience, speaking directly to them or the performance is sometimes filmed for later release via DVD, internet, and television. Stand-up is an art form that is openly devoted to getting immediate laughs from an audience (Crowther & Hornby, 2001). It is a cultural phenomenon in need of deep understanding and thoughtful discourse because it makes use of language which is a very powerful element and most common method of communication. A notable percentage of language used in stand-up comedy is considered prejudicial or biased in use. Stand-up comedy utilizes both literary criticism and humour studies. Stand-up comedy to some degree identifies, articulates and assesses cultural meaning for popular audiences. Particularly in Kenya, the stand-up televised comedy in the entertainment industry has pronounced itself as the centre-stage, which shapes perceptions about other groups in the society as presented in 'Churchill Live Show', thereby playing a significant role in the society. 'Churchill Live Show' is the most popular televised stand-up comedy show, aired on NTV which is one of the leading private TV channels in Kenya. The Show has two segments, presented on two different days for continuity purposes. On the one hand, there is the Churchill Show as the main segment aired on Sunday between 8 pm and 9 pm, which features the experienced comedians. On the other hand, there is the Churchill Raw aired on Thursday between 8.15 pm and 8.45 pm, which features the upcoming comedians (Ndonye 2015). Due to its popularity and uniqueness of the content, 'Churchill Live Show' has received acclaim and numerous awards as one of the best of comedy shows in Kenya, East and Central Africa. The Show has also gained momentous international interest from comedy enthusiasts in the US, the UK, India, Germany, and rest of the world. It is highly successful and has been seen as a groundbreaker in the Kenyan comedy and entertainment industry (Kenyamoja.com, 2010-2014). In early 2000 Kenyan stand-up comedy gained enormous viewership. According to consummator , "Kenyan audiences are quite hard to please this is why comedians are working hard each one trying to bring something unique