Anti-corruption education is important in curbing corruption behavior. However, there is limited evidence about what should be designed into the anti-corruption curriculum for young people. Hence, this study intends to make suggestions about the development of anticorruption education in Malaysia based on Theory of Social Representation. A survey to explore young people's lay representation toward corruption was carried out. 232 respondents between 18 to 33 years old (M=19.79, SD=2.65) participated in this crosssectional survey performed in Malays Language and translated into English for report purposes. The lay representation of the terms "corruption" was obtained using the free association and the rank-frequency technique. The result suggests five important considerations for the development of anti-corruption education: (1) educate people about the concept of corruption that includes not only money exchange; (2) continue to provide examples of integrity and legal practices in politics; (3) educate people about all types of corruption, (4) emphasize that corruption is not acceptable regardless of any situation or circumstances and ( 5) educate people about the effects of corruption. This suggestion could be used by the government, stakeholders, schools, and non-profit organizations who are interested in educating the public or creating anti-corruption awareness among young people in Malaysia.
Perceived loss of control of ones' political environment breeds cynicism and lowered self-motivation for future political action, all of which are marked indicators of learned helplessness. This leads to disengagement of a country's people in political activity, thus leaving the government unaccountable and unregulated, while allowing corruption and selfserving policies to plague the nation's well-being. Therefore, this study aimed to better understand the associations among political apathy, learned helplessness, age, and personality traits. It was hypothesized that learned helplessness, age, and personality traits would be significant predictors of political apathy. Participants were 200 Malaysian individuals (91 males, 109 females, M = 32.93, SD = 13.91) who completed questionnaires including the Mini-International Personality Item Pool, Self-Motivation Scale, and Voter Involvement Scale. Learned helplessness and Neuroticism were positively correlated with political apathy, whereas Extraversion and Intellect showed negative correlations with political apathy. Age, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness showed no significant relationships with political apathy. Extraversion was the most significant predictor of political apathy, followed by intellect. Thus, the insights yielded from this study may allow for its accumulated knowledge to be informedly applied to reach an artificial resurgence in political engagement.
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