The presence of supernumerary teeth is not uncommon in the general population. Supernumerary teeth (hyperodontia) appear more in permanent dentition. Supernumerary teeth which are in the premolar region occur more often in the mandible with different shape and size. They might occur singly or in multiples, be erupted or impacted. The reason of hyperodontia is still unknown. There are a lot of theories. Various theories have been suggested to explain the etiology of supernumerary teeth in general including both, the genetic theory and environmental factors.Furthermore, it has been suggested that supernumerary premolar teeth belong to a third (postpermanent) series. Proliferation of dental lamina has been implicated. The presence of supernumerary teeth usually is connected with some disease or syndromes. Treatment of hyperodontia depends on the area where supernumerary teeth occur.This article presents a case report of an 11-year-old girl with hyperodontia of the first premolar, erupted palatinally in the left side of maxilla. This is supplemental tooth that looks like the permanent premolar. The orthopantomogram and 3D radiograph showed a big possibility of concrescence of both premolars. To make a definitive diagnosis and a plan for orthodontic treatment, OPG and 3D radiograph were crucial.

The aim of this research is to present body mass index (BMI) data in children 3-5 years of age from Skopje and provide the information on the prevalence of different categories of nutritional status during the early childhood. Material and methods: The study included 420 preschool children (210 boys and 210 girls). Stature and body weight were measured, and the BMI value was calculated. Twelve anthropometric parameters were measured using standard equipment and measurement technique according to the International Biological Programme. Results: The majority of anthropometrical parameters have shown significant age and sex specific differences in favor of male subjects. Values at the 50th percentile in our male subjects aged 3, 4 and 5 years for the weight-for-age index were 19 kg, 19.1 and 21 kg, respectively whereas in the female subjects the corresponding values were 16.8 kg, 20 kg and 21 kg. The height-for-age index values corresponding to the 50th percentile showed slightly higher values in our male subjects (100 cm, 109.5 cm and 116 cm) than those in our female subjects (102 cm, 108.5 cm and 116 cm). The values of 50th percentile of BMI in our males subjects were 18.1 kg/m², 16.2 kg/m² and 16 kg/m² whereas in our females were 16.5 kg/m², 16.7 kg/m² and 16.4 kg/m². Conclusion: These results show that underweight is a health problem of the rising generation in Skopje and needs to be considered along with the problem of overweight. It is recommended that the detected values could be applied for evaluation of deviations in growth and nutritional status in children aged 3-5.

RTG projections are essential for diagnosis, treatment plan, follow-up and treatment outcomes. Three-dimensional (3D) cephalometry, which is done using a cone-beam computerized tomography (CBCT) examination, allows more detailed evaluation of the craniofacial hard and soft tissue structures than 2D radiograph. Using 3D analyses in diagnostic and treatment planning in orthodontics is more than necessary in cases with impacted teeth, cleft lip, and skeletal discrepancies requiring surgical interventions. CBCT has come into wider usage in other situations as root resorption, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) morphology and pathology, supernumerary teeth, alveolar boundary conditions and asymmetries; maxillary transverse dimensions and maxillary expansion; vertical malocclusion and obstructive sleep apnoea.The present descriptive study aimed to explore possible applications of 3D technologies during the diagnosis, treatment plan, case monitoring and result assessment in orthodontics including their advantages and disadvantages.Utilisation of 3D technique was more than necessary in diagnostic and treatment planning in this case because of presence of more than one impacted tooth. The fixed appliances, the surgical exposure, cortectomy and orthodontic traction were done. The tooth movement and positioning to the dental arch started six months ago.The impacted tooth is already seen and the treatment continues. The severity of this case is indication for utilization of control 2D and 3D radiographs in manner following the positioning of the central incisor on the appropriate place. 3D technique is less prone to error and can improve the clinicians' workflow.

Assessment of sex-specific differences of anthropometric parameters as indicator of growth and nutritional status in preschool children from Macedonia.The study included a total of 200 healthy preschool children from Macedonian nationality. Thirthteen anthropometric parameters were measured, defining longitudinal, circular and transversal dimensionality of the skeleton using standard technique and instruments for measurement. The following indices were selected and calculated: weight-for -age; height-for-age and BMI. Skin -folds (triceps, scapula, thigh) were also measured. Qualitative examinations were with self-organizing maps.Sex-specific differences for almost all anthropometric parameters were detected, but they were not significant. Girls showed higher values than boys regarding height and weight, but there were no significant differences concerning BMI. Values at the 50 th percentile in girls were 20 kg for BW, 108.1 cm for BH and 16.82 kg/m² for BMI. The values of these parameters in boys were 19.75 kg for BW, 108.25 cm for BH and 16.24 for kg/m² for BMI. The values for triceps skin-fold were higher in boys than (13.0 ±3.0) than in girls (12.5 ±3.6).The results obtained can be used as criteria for assessment and detecting deviations in growth and nutritional status in preschool children.

Deep overbite as one of the most common malocclusion that can occur along with other associated malocclusions can be treated with several mechanisms.One such mechanics is true intrusion of anterior teeth. Deep overbite correction by intrusion of anterior teeth affords a number of advantages and is the desired treatment option for gummy smile correction, esthetics improvement as well as correction of mandible rotation in order to improve vertical dimension and to correct Class II malocclusion.This case report describes the orthodontic treatment of a 17-year-old patient diagnosed as severe Angle's Class II malocclusion with maxillary prognathism and skeletal deep bite, dental Class II division 1 malocclusion associated with 4 mm overbite, an increased overjet and excessive gingival display on smiling.After the analyses and due to the fact that the patient avoided surgical method for her malocclusion correction, our treatment plan in this case was alternative (camouflage) with upper premolars extraction.In the first phase we did 9 mm canine retraction with preserved vertical dimensions of upper incisors. In the second phase of our treatment we did incisor intrusion and en masse retraction of the incisors. Intrusion of upper incisors was done using a 0.017 × 0.025 Connecticut intrusion arch and 0.019 x 0.025 stainless steel as base archwire was used. Outstanding results were achieved with an improved facial profile, smile harmony and stable occlusal relationships.Through this case report we highlight the efficiency of Connecticut intrusion arch as а clinically manageable biomechanical system to optimize the orthodontic treatment. The use of good biomechanical principles helped us to achieve all treatment goals and objectives with minimal side effects.