Familial factors related to paternal MBS seem to be fundamental to the pathogenesis of PCOS.

ABSTRACT. Objective. It is often difficult to determine the pathophysiology of childhood diabetes at onset, particularly in overweight children, because obesity has been associated with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. We compared children at the diagnosis of diabetes in a multiethnic population-based registry to understand the epidemiology of the disease during a time of rapidly changing diagnostic and treatment norms.Methods. Incident diabetes was ascertained in Chicagoans who were aged 0 to 17 years from 1985 to 2001. We classified as type 2 those with polycystic ovary syndrome, acanthosis, or a physician's note indicating type 2 or those who reported subsequent use of oral agents (n ‫؍‬ 203); 73% of them were also obese. Patients with obesity at onset but no other indicator of possible type 2 (n ‫؍‬ 197) were classified as having obesity-related/undetermined type. The remaining 842 cases were classified as type 1. Logistic regression analyses were conducted.Results. Fully 32% of cases were classified as nontype 1, including 37% of non-Hispanic blacks, 30% of Latinos, and 14% of non-Hispanic whites. The proportion of obesity-undetermined and type 2 increased over the 17 years. Comparing the 3 patient groups, type 2 cases were more often female, non-Hispanic black, and older and had a first-degree diabetic relative, whereas Latino boys were overrepresented among the obese/undetermined.Conclusion. Obesity is prevalent in youths with newly diagnosed diabetes, particularly during recent years. The growth in non-type 1 diabetes in children since 1985 likely reflects both a true increase and greater physician awareness of the possibility that type 2 diabetes may occur in children. O ver the past decade, major changes have taken place in the diagnostic norms for childhood diabetes. Concurrently, the prevalence of childhood overweight, a hypothesized risk factor for type 1 and especially for type 2 diabetes, has increased dramatically across the developed world. Investigators in the United States and elsewhere have observed a marked increase in the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes in youth during the past few years, disproportionately affecting minority young people (Native Americans, Latinos and non-Hispanic blacks). 1,2 However, many children who develop type 2 diabetes are severely ill at onset and indistinguishable on clinical grounds from those with classic type 1 diabetes. 3 Our group used available criteria to tentatively distinguish patients with youth-onset type 2 diabetes in a population-based registry; clinical studies conducted on average 8 years after diagnosis showed that a substantial fraction of those who were classified with type 2 displayed features of type 1 diabetes, ie, absent ␤-cell function, autoantibodies, and/or type 1 diabetes-related HLA-DQ alleles. 4 In addition, reports from Europe 5-7 have linked early childhood obesity with type 1 diabetes, suggesting that youth-onset diabetes may often result from an interplay of autoimmunity and type 2 risk factors. Specifically, overnutrition may play a ...

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The Mth power of an N x N matrix is expressed via the Cayley-Hamilton theorem as a linear combination of the lower powers of the matrix. The polynomial coefficients of the lower powers of the matrix are expressed in terms of polynomials in N variables, termed the generalized Lucas polynomials. The independent variables in the generalized Lucas polynomials are the traces of the lower powers of the matrix.