Numerous investigations into music performance anxiety have focused on the conscious mind. However, little research has focused on implicit processes for alleviation of this condition. Cognitive hypnotherapy (CH) and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR), therapies which target implicit processes, were investigated in an intervention study with advanced pianists (n = 46). Participants were of mixed gender aged 18-26 years (three over 30) and were randomly assigned to a therapy or control group. The therapy groups received two interventions of either CH or EMDR during a two-week period between two concerts. Quantitative data were collected through performance assessment, the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and a self-report questionnaire (SRQ). The SRQ and a log of performance experience also allowed for qualitative assessment. Results showed that both therapy groups (but not the control) experienced a significant reduction in state anxiety post therapy and a significant improvement in performance. Trait anxiety decreased significantly below baseline levels post intervention in the EMDR group. This is an important area for future research in music psychology and has broader implications in other fields. Keywords cognition, implicit processes, intervention, state anxiety, trait anxietyCognitive anxiety is a psychological problem, the causes of which can be deeply embedded in the unconscious mind (Alladin, 2010). It exerts a negative effect on human behaviour, including music performance; the research literature validates this extensively (Kenny, 2011 Kenny, & Cooksey, 2007). Music performance anxiety (MPA) is widespread, affecting musicians of any age, instrument, amateur and professional musicians alike (Kenny, 2011) and over 60% of performing musicians experience this sometime during their lifetime (Wesner, Noyes, & Davis, 1990). Females generally exhibit higher degrees of MPA than males (Osborne & Franklin, 2002;Wesner et al., 1990) and solo performance generates higher levels of MPA than ensemble (Brugués, 2011). Music performance anxiety has been widely investigated; however, the problem still persists (Chan, 2011;Huang, 2011;Plaut, 1998;Shoup, 1995;Sloboda & Juslin, 2001;Williamon, Aufegger, & Eiholzer, 2014;Xu, 2010). The components of anxietyPerformance anxiety lies within the broad domain of social anxiety, occurring when psychological discomfort in situation-dependent states leads to anxiety (Crozier & Alden, 2005). A model of anxiety proposed by Lang, Miller, and Levin (1988) demonstrated that the combination and interplay of three factors -cognitive, physiological and behavioural -appear to be responsible for anxiety. Lang et al. (1988) maintained that anxiety is the interaction of fearful thoughts, arousal of the autonomic nervous system, and overt behavioural responses to perceived threat. Cognitive anxiety was first categorised into a two-factor structure having both trait and state components (Cattell, 1956). Traits are developed in early life and reflect residues o...

This paper offers a discussion of the literature of an underdeveloped area of early years research-the exploration of childminding or home-based childcare and the contribution which this form of provision makes for children and families. Despite growing interest in childminding at the policy level and some international research on understanding home-based childcare settings and practices, there remains a relative dearth of studies conceptualising and reviewing the extant literature. This paper addresses this gap by presenting the findings of a comprehensive database search for literature and a review of published international work from 1990 to 2013. It offers a conceptual analysis of the notion of ''home-based childcare'', with a focus on understanding caregivers' practices, and the key issues and debates that characterise the field. The paper argues that home-based childcare not only offers a specialist type of service as family support, especially for vulnerable families, but that it provides a form of pedagogical approach to children's developmental and educational outcomes that is distinct from any other types of early years care.

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Cognitive hypnotherapy (CH) is an assimilative therapy rooted in cognitive therapy and behavioural therapy, with the addition of hypnosis. It is a psychodynamic therapy that focuses on the unconscious mind (implicit thoughts, actions and emotions) no longer in conscious awareness. This chapter gives a brief synopsis of the hypnotic procedures and protocols that are most pertinent for understanding the case for integration. It gives the background of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and a brief history of how this therapy evolved. It further gives the rationale for the integration of hypnosis with CBT, corroborated with evidence from the literature. CH treatments are documented in some detail in a number of different domains where hypnosis is used as an adjunct to therapy for the treatment of debilitating psychological conditions. The techniques and procedures are designed to desensitise and reprocess dysfunctional cognitions, emotions and memories enabling positive change in cognitive perceptions and visualisation. The author, an academic and experienced clinical practitioner of CH for more than 10 years, recognises that there is much scepticism regarding this therapy. It is hoped that this review will give greater understanding and more credence to this highly effective therapy in both the scientific community and medical profession. limitations; however, a multi-modal approach integrating hypnosis and CBT offers an effective alternative. A weakness of CBT therapies is the number of sessions required and there appears to be a paucity of research in the general domain using comparative interventions of CBT with CH [9,52,63]. This needs to be addressed in future studies so that comparisons of symptom effects and number of therapy sessions required can be assessed. There is case formulation, including guidelines and protocols, in the domains of PTSD, the management of depression and in music performance anxiety. However, there appears to be little empirical research with case formulation pertaining to the use of CH for the treatment of diverse medical conditions or the management of anxiety per se. An assimilative integrative model that can be understood and undertaken by therapists in the field is required. This will increase and verify the credibility of CH and help both scientific researchers and clinical therapists have a greater understanding of this psychodynamic therapy.