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Future communication networks require the entire communication system to be all-optical to overcome the bandwidth constraints of electronics. All-optical devices play a vital role in supporting future networks, which demand a high speed of up to Tbps. An all-optical gray code converter operation was demonstrated numerically using a photonic crystal semiconductor optical amplifier (PhC-SOA) in a Mach-Zehnder interferometric (MZI) configuration at 1 Tbps for M-ary differential phase shift keying modulated binary and BCD inputs. The design achieved a very high extinction ratio of about 123.8 dB with a good quality factor value of about 45. The results show that PhC-SOA-based XOR and OR gates in the gray code converter design exhibits improved modulation features compared with traditional SOAs in our previous works.

A vertical photonic crystal fiber (V-PCF) and horizontal PCF (H-PCF) are designed for the detection of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in this paper. A demanding numerical investigation is carried out in a wider range of wavelengths from 0.8 μm to 1μm. SO2 is a major contributor to air pollution, which is responsible for asthma and cancer. The optical parameters are analyzed by using the Finite Element Method (FEM) which consumes a completely circular isotropic Perfectly Matched Layer (PML). The designed V-PCF sensor test is performed with different PML radius values, different elliptical constants for the inner cladding, the outer cladding layer, and the core. The higher relative sensitivity of 59.34% makes this proposed V-PCF a good design for SO2 detection.

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