Chronic enterocolitis is the leading cause of morbidity in colonies of captive rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). This study's aim was to identify the common enteric pathogens frequently associated with chronic enterocolitis in normal, immunocompetent rhesus monkeys and to elucidate the influence of this clinical syndrome on the host immune system. We analyzed the fecal specimens from 100 rhesus macaques with or without clinical symptoms of chronic diarrhea. Retrospective analysis revealed an increased incidence of Campylobacter spp. (Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni), Shigella flexneri, Yersinia enterocolitica, adenovirus, and Strongyloides fulleborni in samples collected from animals with chronic diarrhea (P < 0.05). The presence of additional enteric pathogens, such as Escherichia coli, carrying the eaeA intimin or Stx2c Shiga toxin virulence genes, Balantidium coli, Giardia lamblia, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Trichuris trichiura was found in all animals regardless of whether diarrhea was present. In addition, the upregulation of interleukin-1␣ (IL-1␣), IL-3, and tumor necrosis factor alpha cytokine genes, accompanied by an increased presence of activated (CD4 ؉ CD69 ؉ ) T lymphocytes was found in gut-associated lymphoid tissues collected from animals with chronic enterocolitis and diarrhea in comparison with clinically healthy controls (P < 0.05). These data indicate that chronic enterocolitis and diarrhea are associated, in part, with a variety of enteric pathogens and highlight the importance of defining the microbiological status of nonhuman primates used for infectious disease studies. The data also suggest that chronic colitis in rhesus macaques may have potential as a model of inflammatory bowel disease in humans.

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Mervat E Hatem, reminds readers of the inherent subjectivity that accompanies the writing of history. Hatem argues that existing scholarship on 'Ä'ishah Taymur has presented a limited, one-dimensional portrait of the author. Hatem offers an expanded reading ofTaymûr's life and work, employing her writing as a lens through which to examine the fluid political and socio-cultural relationships in Eg)'pt at a transitional period in its history. A political scientist by training. Hatem's study examines "the gray area in which literature, politics, and gender contributed to nation-building" (xii). Using this unique methodological approach. Hatem brings to light unexplored aspects of Taymiirs writing, highlighting the deepl)'-tooted and carefullyexamined political and social views of a Muslim woman during the Nahdah, the Arabic literary and cultural renaissance.

Upon reflection of my decade as a public elementary school teacher in the heart of an urban district in the southeast, it is clear that social studies competencies and more specifically civic engagement, lacked fervency at our institution. I feel a slight sense of shame in admitting this now as a preservice elementary teacher educator. I also feel regret for my former self, the archetypal elementary teacher: white, middle class, and sheltered. As with many beginning teachers, I did not yet appreciate the exigency of civic engagement in the elementary setting.It took the intense juxtaposition of my doctoral coursework, which concentrated on social studies education, and the continued years of teaching in a school, like many, where social studies was marginalized (