It is estimated that by 2020 two-thirds of the global burden of disease will be attributable to chronic noncommunicable diseases, most of them strongly associated with diet. The nutrition transition towards refined foods, foods of animal origin, and increased fats plays a major role in the current global epidemics of obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, among other noncommunicable conditions. Sedentary lifestyles and the use of tobacco are also significant risk factors. The epidemics cannot be ended simply by encouraging people to reduce their risk factors and adopt healthier lifestyles, although such encouragement is undoubtedly beneficial if the targeted people can respond. Unfortunately, increasingly obesogenic environments, reinforced by many of the cultural changes associated with globalization, make even the adoption of healthy lifestyles, especially by children and adolescents, more and more difficult. The present paper examines some possible mechanisms for, and WHO's role in, the development of a coordinated global strategy on diet, physical activity and health. The situation presents many countries with unmanageable costs. At the same time there are often continuing problems of undernutrition. A concerted multisectoral approach, involving the use of policy, education and trade mechanisms, is necessary to address these matters.
Neonatos de Daphnia pulex de una cepa producida a partir de hembras capturadas en el embalse La Fe (El Retiro, Antioquia), fueron sometidos a tratamientos concentraciones agudas (90.0, 108.0, 129.0, 155.0 y 186.0 μg/l), durante 48 horas, y crónicas de Clorotalonil (0.93, 1.87, 3.75, 7.50 y 15.00 μg/l), durante trece días con el objetivo de establecer los efectos letales y subletales.Para la prueba subletales se adoptó un sistema estático con renovación cada 48 horas y diez réplicas individuales. El pH, la temperatura del agua, el oxígeno disuelto, la dureza, la conductividad y la alcalinidad variaron en rangos estrechos y se mantuvieron en niveles aceptables para los ensayos agudos y crónicos. Para las 48 horas de exposición se calculó una CL50 de 136.8 μg/l y un intervalo de confianza de 95% entre 127.22 y 148.09 μg/l. Para las pruebas crónicas, la mortalidad o excedió en ningún tratamiento el 20%. Exceptuando un ejemplar, la totalidad de los neonatos tratados se reprodujeron más de una vez. En el rango de concentraciones empleadas en el estudio, no se encontró efecto significativo del Clorotalonil sobre la edad de la primera reproducción de D. pulex.Sólo en dos niveles de exposición se redujo el número promedio de camadas por hembra con relación al control. No obstante, fue evidente que la natalidad se redujo paralelamente con el incremento de la concentración de Clorotalonil.
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