The purpose of this research was to determine consumer preferences for attributes of mandarins in Indonesia, in particular the preferences between domestic and imported mandarins. A focus group was conducted to identify some salient attributes of mandarins to Indonesian consumers. Intrinsic fruit attributes that are important to consumers include the appearance, taste, texture and overall quality of fruit segments and skin colour. Based on the results of the focus group, a survey questionnaire was developed and used in the interview process with the consumers. Evaluations were made on a seven‐point intensity scale for two domestic lines of mandarins and one imported line. Respondents did not know the origins of the fruit when evaluating the intrinsic qualities of mandarins. The results from 113 respondents in the city of Surabaya showed that domestic mandarins were rated higher on all intrinsic attributes. Imported mandarins were rated the best only on skin colour as domestic fruit are normally green or only partially orange when ripe. The fact that imported mandarins continue to command premium prices in the Indonesian market is an interesting phenomenon. Two possible explanations are suggested. The prestige of supermarket retailers (where imported produce is mostly sold) may advantage imported fruits. Alternatively, consumers may hold persistently favourable perceptions of imported fruits. Whether this represents the influence of subjective psychological and status factors requires further investigation.

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Global trends in human population and agriculture dictate that future calls made on the resources (physical, human, financial) and systems involved in producing food will be increasingly more demanding and complex. Both plant breeding and improved agronomy lift the potential yield of crops, a key component in progressing farm yield, so society can reasonably expect both agronomy as a science and agronomists as practitioners to contribute to the successful delivery of necessary change. By reflecting on current trends in agricultural production (diversification, intensification, integration, industrialisation, automation) and deconstructing a futuristic scenario of attempting agricultural production on Mars, it seems the skills agronomists will require involve not only the mandatory elements of their discipline but also additional skills that enable engagement with, even leadership of, teams who integrate (in sum or part) engineering, (agri-)business, economics and operational management, and build the social capital required to create and maintain a diverse array of enhanced and new ethical production systems and achieve increasing efficiencies within them.

said he thought the diagrams (Figs. 5, Gand 7, pp. 12, 16 and 19) had not been sufficient,ly explained. I n each case the lines generally represented pumpiug a t a uniform rate. That, of course, was necessary to obtain a line which represented the actual power or force of the spring.In the case of Rickmansworth (Fig. 7), at the lower half, the line coming down showed an increase in the rate of pumping. The pumping was generally carried on at the rate of 15,000 gallons, and then it increased to over 21,000 gallons an hour. The diagram showed the value of increasing the depth and the size of the bore-hole. At Wokingham, the spring continued to fall for a number of hours : in ten hours it had fallen 42 feet, then, on ceasing t o pump, it rose for many hours, but not to its original level. That showed that the water had great difficulty in reaching the borehole, due to the fact that it had to travel a great distance underground. The water was coming on as fast as it could, but it could not get through in consequence of the enormous pressure of the Tertiary beds overhead. The thing t o be sought for in chalkwells was the presence of flints. Wherever there were flints in abundance there was water in abundance, and where there were no flints there was little water. He had often had the idea that the water itself tended to create the flint in chalk, but how far that theory was to be supported by chemists and geologists he did not know. What happened was this :-In flint beds in the Chalk there was a quantity of sand ; and on pumping, that sand gradually worked out, the water dissolving the Chalk and leaving spaces between the flints, through which it could readily travel. In the case of the Leatherhead well, a t t h e bottom there was a continuous bed of flints, hence a vast underground reservoir of water. It was Minutes of the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers 1887.90:40-90.