The concept of ''glass ceiling effects'' has emerged in social science research in general and higher education in particular over the past 20 years. These studies have described the impediments that women and people of color encounter in their quest for senior-level positions (e.g., CEOs) in society as glass ceiling effects. Literature, both empirical and non-empirical, has provided broad and varied interpretations of glass ceiling effects. In turn, the literature is less-than-settled on the application of glass ceiling effects. In this manuscript, the authors analyzed and critiqued 66 documents in order to advance theoretical and practical knowledge regarding glass ceiling effects in higher education.

Aims-To develop a system of species specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA hybridisation based on 16s ribosomal RNA sequences for the identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas (Burkholdenia) aeruginosa in the respiratory tract we have developed a system of species specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA hybridisation which can be applied directly to sputum samples.

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This chapter reviews methodological issues surrounding the measurement of glass ceiling effects and summarizes findings from one cross‐sectional analysis study.