Pancreatic cancer will account for about 6% of all cancer-related deaths in 2008. Patients often present with advanced disease, so treatment remains a challenge. This article will review the risk factors, pathology features, clinical symptoms, diagnosis and staging guidelines, treatment, and nursing implications of pancreatic cancer. This article also will review studies that have precipitated the shift in systemic treatment from 5-fluorouracil to gemcitabine. Targeted therapies will further shift treatment strategies to improve survival as more is learned about the molecular basis of pancreatic cancer.

TGFβ is a pleiotropic cytokine with immunosuppressive activity. In preclinical models, blockade of TGFβ enhances the activity of radiation and invokes T-cell antitumor immunity. Here, we combined galunisertib, an oral TGFβ inhibitor, with stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and assessed safety, efficacy, and immunologic correlatives. Patients (n = 15) with advanced HCC who progressed on, were intolerant of, or refused sorafenib were treated with galunisertib (150 mg orally twice a day) on days 1 to 14 of each 28-day cycle. A single dose of SBRT (18-Gy) was delivered between days 15 to 28 of cycle 1. Site of index lesions treated with SBRT included liver (9 patients), lymph node (4 patients), and lung (2 patients). Blood for high-dimensional single cell profiling was collected. The most common treatment-related adverse events were fatigue (53%), abdominal pain (46.6%), nausea (40%), and increased alkaline phosphatase (40%). There were two instances of grade 2 alkaline phosphatase increase and two instances of grade 2 bilirubin increase. One patient developed grade 3 achalasia, possibly related to treatment. Two patients achieved a partial response. Treatment with galunisertib was associated with a decrease in the frequency of activated T regulatory cells in the blood. Distinct peripheral blood leukocyte populations detected at baseline distinguished progressors from nonprogressors. Nonprogressors also had increased CD8+PD-1+TIGIT+ T cells in the blood after treatment. We found galunisertib combined with SBRT to be well tolerated and associated with antitumor activity in patients with HCC. Pre- and posttreatment immune profiling of the blood was able to distinguish patients with progression versus nonprogression.

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs), an uncommon finding, are distinct from pancreatic carcinomas. When pNETs are unresectable and progressive, visceral pain often presents and is challenging to treat. Opioids commonly used for pain control are difficult to implement in this setting because of adverse side effects such as constipation. Neurolytic celiac plexus blocks are indicated in the treatment of visceral pain related to upper abdominal malignancies when opioid analgesia does not provide adequate relief or is contraindicated because of side effects. As a result, this article presents a brief review of pNETs, celiac plexus blocks, associated side effects, and contraindications along with related literature in the context of a case study.

<p>Metal Conjugated Antibodies for Mass Cytometry Analysis</p>

<p>Gating strategy</p>