Purpose-Despite the claim that internal corporate social responsibility plays an important role, the understanding of this phenomenon has been neglected. This paper intends to contribute to fill this gap by looking into the relation between CSR and employee engagement. Design/methodology/approach-A survey research was conducted and three different groups of respondents were faced with three different CSR scenarios (general, internal, external) and respondents' employee engagement was measured. Findings-The results show that there are no statistically significant differences in levels of engagement between employees exposed to external and internal CSR practices. Nevertheless, employees exposed to internal CSR are more engaged than those exposed only to external CSR practices. Research limitations/implications-The use of scenarios, although a grounded approach, involves risks, including the difficulty of participants to put themselves in a fictional situation. Also, the scale used to measure employee engagement puts the emphasis on work rather than on the organisation. Practical implications-Although this study is not conclusive it raises the need for companies to look at their CSR strategy in a holistic approach, i.e. internal and external. Originality/value-This paper represents a contribution to understand CSR strategic status and the need to enlighten the impact that social responsible practices can have on employees' engagement.

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The main purpose of this research paper is to understand how artificial intelligence and machine learning applied to human behaviour has been treated, both theoretically and empirically, over the last twenty years, regarding predictive analytics and human organizational behaviour analysis. To achieve this goal, the authors performed a systematic literature review, as proposed by Tranfield, Denyer and Smart (2003), on selected databases and followed the PRISMA framework (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses). The method is particularly suited for assessing emerging trends within multiple disciplines and therefore deemed the most suitable method for the purposes of this paper, which intends to survey and select papers according to their contribute towards theory building. By mapping what is known, this review will lay the groundwork, providing a timely insight into the current state of research on human organisational behaviour and its applications. A total of 17795 papers resulted from the application of the search equations. The papers’ abstracts were screened according to the inclusion / exclusion criterions which resulted in 199 papers for analysis. The authors have analysed the papers through VOSviewer software and R programming statistical computing software. This review showed that 60% of the research undertaken in the field has been done in the last three and a half years and there is no prominent author or academic journal, showing the emergence and the novelty of this research. The other key finds of the research relate to the evolution of the concept, from data-driven (hard) towards emotions-driven (soft) organisations.

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Municipal solid waste management has been a topic of interest of several authors over time, in particular the implementation and maintenance of waste collection programmes. Initially, pioneering studies focused on the economic aspects of the provided services. However, many authors later argued the costs of providing solid waste collection services should also be influenced by socio-economic and behavioural factors, exogenous to the municipalities. The present study will be developed in this context, looking, more broadly, to explain the factors influencing the decision-making of the Portuguese municipalities in implementing and maintaining programs of selective collection of solid waste, considering the economic, financial, technological and sociodemographic factors. The results show that, indeed as presented by several authors before, economic factors aren’t the only determinants that influence municipal costs concerning these services, as demographic, geographic and technological factors must be taken into account. Moreover, the enforced legislation also impacts the municipal costs due to municipalities being obliged to contribute to the success of these collection programs in order to fulfil the waste recovery targets. This implies that the costs of these services and the inherent infrastructures are usually financed by its citizens in the form of utilization taxes and also the state.