ABSTRACT-We used computer image manipulation to develop a test of perception of subtle gradations in cuteness between infant faces. We found that young women (19-26 years old) were more sensitive to differences in infant cuteness than were men (19-26 and 53-60 years old). Women aged 45 to 51 years performed at the level of the young women, whereas cuteness sensitivity in women aged 53 to 60 years was not different from that of men (19-26 and 53-60 years old). Because average age at menopause is 51 years in Britain, these findings suggest the possible involvement of reproductive hormones in cuteness sensitivity. Therefore, we compared cuteness discrimination in pre-and postmenopausal women matched for age and in women taking and not taking oral contraceptives (progestogen and estrogen). Premenopausal women and young women taking oral contraceptives (which raise hormone levels artificially) were more sensitive to variations of cuteness than their respective comparison groups. We suggest that cuteness sensitivity is modulated by female reproductive hormones.More than half a century ago, Konrad Lorenz proposed the Kindchenschema as an innate releasing mechanism for caretaking behavior and affective orientation toward infants, triggered by features such as protruding cheeks, a large forehead, and large eyes below the horizontal midline of the skull (Lorenz, 1943). Baby faces having these features are commonly described as cute, and although cuteness has been shown to modulate mother-infant interaction (Langlois, Ritter, Casey, & Sawin, 1995), there are only a few psychophysical studies investigating responses of men and women to variations of physical properties of baby faces (Alley, 1981;Brooks & Hochberg, 1960;Gardner & Wallach, 1965;Hü ckstedt, 1965;Sternglanz, Gray, & Murakami, 1977). Overall, findings from these studies are not conclusive but suggest a possible difference between men and women in perceiving cuteness. However, a question not addressed in previous studies concerns what might underlie any sex differences in adults' ability to perceive infant cuteness. An obvious cause might be differential interest in babies, but there are other explanations. Given that Lorenz had conceived the Kindchenschema as a biological mechanism, we decided to investigate the possibility of a link to female reproductive hormones. STUDY 1Study 1 aimed to explore the idea of a possible link between cuteness perception and female reproductive hormones by looking at groups of younger women, younger and older men, and women aged slightly below and above the average age at menopause in Britain. MethodParticipants Twenty-four younger women (mean age 5 22.0 years, SD 5 1.8 years, range 5 19-26 years), 24 younger men (mean age 5 21.5 years, SD 5 1.5 years, range 5 19-26 years), and 24 older women (mean age 5 53.2 years, SD 5 4.1 years, range 5 45-60 years) were investigated. Bearing in mind that reproductive hormones might possibly modulate sensitivity to infant facial cuteness, we used the older women's median age of 52 years (which ...

Thrombopoietin (TPO) is the key cytokine involved in thrombopoiesis, and is the endogenous ligand for the thrombopoietin receptor that is expressed on the surface of platelets, megakaryocytes, and megakaryocytic precursors. First-generation thrombopoietic agents were recombinant forms of human TPO, and their development was discontinued after prolonged thrombocytopenia due to neutralizing auto-antibodies cross-reacting with endogenous TPO was observed. Second-generation thrombopoiesis-stimulating molecules are now available, which have unique pharmacological properties and no sequence homology to endogenous TPO. Two of these new agents, romiplostim and eltrombopag, have already completed phase III trials in primary immune thrombocytopenia and have been granted marketing authorization for use in this disease. Phase II and III trials with these novel drugs are ongoing in other conditions characterized by thrombocytopenia, such as chemotherapy, chronic liver disease, and the myelodysplastic syndromes. Most of the other second-generation thrombopoietic growth factors are in early phase clinical development.

Summary Progress has been made in the development and widespread implementation of effective interventions to address childhood obesity, yet important challenges remain. To understand how the United States and Latin American countries achieved success in implementing obesity policies and programs (PAPs) and identify improvement opportunities using implementation science principles. We identified three comparative case studies: (1) front‐of‐food package labeling (Mexico and Chile); (2) Open Streets/play streets (Colombia and the United States); and (3) the Baby‐Friendly Hospital Initiative (Brazil and the United States). Information from multiple sources (e.g., scientific and gray literature and key informant interviews) was synthesized to describe barriers, facilitators, and progress of PAPs across RE‐AIM framework dimensions. Evidence‐based advocacy along with political will and evidence of scalability and impact were key for successful launch and implementation of all PAPs. Diverse adaptations of PAP design and implementation had to be done across contexts. Stronger process and impact monitoring and evaluation systems that track equity indicators are needed to maximize the population benefits of these PAPs. Implementation science offers an important contribution toward addressing knowledge gaps, enhancing obesity policy dialogue, and producing transferable lessons across the Americas and, therefore, should be used for research and evaluation during PAP development and throughout the implementation and maintenance phases.

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The objective of this systematic review was to identify multifactorial risk factors for self-reported insufficient milk (SRIM) and delayed onset of lactation (DOL). The review protocol was registered a priori in PROSPERO (ID# CDR42021240413). Of the 120 studies included (98 on SRIM, 18 on DOL, and 4 both), 37 (31%) studies were conducted in North America, followed by 26 (21.6%) in Europe, 25 (21%) in East Asia, and Pacific, 15 (12.5%) in Latin America and the Caribbean, 7 (6%) in the Middle East and North Africa, 5 (4%) in South Asia, 3 (2.5%) in Sub-Saharan Africa, and 2 (1.7%) included multiple countries. A total of 79 studies were from highincome countries, 30 from upper-middle-income, 10 from low-middle-income countries, and one study was conducted in a high-income and an upper-middleincome country. Findings indicated that DOL increased the risk of SRIM. Protective factors identified for DOL and SRIM were hospital practices, such as timely breastfeeding (BF) initiation, avoiding in-hospital commercial milk formula supplementation, and BF counselling/support. By contrast, maternal overweight/obesity, caesarean section, and poor maternal physical and mental health were risk factors for DOL and SRIM. SRIM was associated with primiparity, the mother's interpretation of the baby's fussiness or crying, and low maternal BF self-efficacy. Biomedical factors including epidural anaesthesia and prolonged stage II labour were associated with DOL. Thus, to protect against SRIM and DOL it is key to prevent unnecessary caesarean sections, implement the Baby-Friendly Ten Steps at maternity facilities, and provide BF counselling that includes baby behaviours.