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It has been 40 years since Costa Rican ecologist Gerardo Budowski first proposed a potential symbiotic relationship between tourism and environmental conservation. Given the attention that marine turtles enjoy from both conservationists and tourists, as well as the pressures that endanger and threatened them, their predicament brings sharp-relief examples to Budowski's proposal of conflict, coexistence , or symbiosis between tourism and conservation. Although marine ecosystems are among the most productive on the planet, they are also some of the most threatened. While limited-take regimes have become the most common management strategy for marine protected areas, conservation success depends on the history of local resource use, the presence and nature resource management institutions, and an understanding of competing resource use. As in terrestrial contexts, this means providing sustained benefits for communities dependent on marine ecosystems. Carefully managed marine turtle tourism can be a means of providing such benefits. As a contribution to a special issue of JPRA focused on nature tourism in Latin America, this paper shares insights obtained during the stakeholder consultation process leading to the articulation of three marine protected area management plans in Costa Rica where marine turtle nesting and associated tourism activities occur. We seek to provide pragmatic answers to questions about the most effective way for park management to coordinate with

El propósito de este texto es presentar una propuesta de análisis para el estudio de las emociones que son trasmitidas en los medios de comunicación, particularmente en la prensa escrita. Los medios de comunicación propagan emociones, podríamos decir incluso que en algunos casos su objetivo es despertar emociones en las personas que los consumen. Es por tanto importante estudiar cómo estos medios, incitan, reproducen y difunden emociones en torno a problemáticas que atañen a un amplio público. La propuesta metodológica está construida a partir de algunos planteamientos de Friedrich Ungerer (1997) para el estudio de las emociones en los textos periodísticos, así como ciertos lineamientos metodológicos que Christian Plantin (1998, 2014) ha sugerido para el análisis discursivo de las emociones. Para ejemplificar dicha propuesta se ha trabajado con un corpus de notas y artículos periodísticos de dos periódicos nacionales de líneas editoriales distintas en relación con el caso de los 43 estudiantes desaparecidos de la Normal Rural de Ayotzinapa, México en septiembre de 2014.

Density of parasitoid females affects their capacity to develop within the host. The number of Trichospilus diatraeae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) females per pupa of Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) was adjusted to study the effect of parasitoid production in the laboratory. Host pupae were parasitised by females of T. diatraeae at densities of 1:1, 7:1, 14:1, 21:1, 28:1 and 35:1 (parasitoid:host). The females of the parasitoid remained in contact with pupae for 24 h in glass tubes (8.5 × 2.5 cm), packed in a climatic chamber regulated at 25 ± 2ºC, 70 ± 10% relative humidity and light regime of 14 h. The percentage of parasitism and emergence of T. diatraeae on pupae of D. saccharalis was 100% in all parasitoid densities. The length of thr cycle (egg-adult) of Trichospilus diatraeae was 19.25 ± 0.22 days at a density of 1:1 and 17.00 ± 0.00 days at 35:1. The offspring number of T. diatraeae was 106.00 ± 12.38 and 514.67 ± 54.55 individuals per pupa at densities of 1:1 and 35:1, respectively. The sex ratio decreased with increasing density, ranging between 0.97 ± 0.01 and 0.89 ± 0.01 at densities of 1:1 and 35:1, respectively. The percentages of parasitism and emergence of T. diatraeae on pupae of D. saccharalis were not affected by the densities of female parasitoids. The densities of 14 to 21 females of T. diatraeae per pupa of D. saccharalis are suitable for rearing this parasitoid under laboratory conditions.

A criação sucessiva de parasitoides em hospedeiros alternativos pode afetar sua qualidade biológica. Trichospilus diatraeae Cherian & Margabandhu, 1942 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) tem sido estudado para o controle biológico da broca-da-cana [Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius, 1794) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)]. Objetivou-se avaliar se a criação de T. diatraeae, por três gerações, no hospedeiro alternativo Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus, 1758 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), afeta seu desempenho reprodutivo, quando criado, posteriormente, em pupas do hospedeiro natural D. saccharalis. Dois grupos de T. diatraeae foram multiplicados, separadamente e por três gerações: um em pupas de T. molitor e outro em pupas de D. saccharalis. Na sequência, 20 pupas de D. saccharalis foram expostas, por 72 horas, ao parasitismo de fêmeas de T. diatraeae, criado, anteriormente, em pupas de T. molitor ou de D. saccharalis. A criação sucessiva de T. diatraeae no hospedeiro alternativo não afetou o número de pupas parasitadas e de pupas com emergência de parasitoides no hospedeiro natural D. saccharalis e aumentou a longevidade de fêmeas e a razão sexual de T. diatraeae. A progênie, duração do ciclo de desenvolvimento (ovo-adulto), largura da cápsula cefálica de machos e fêmeas e a longevidade de machos de T. diatraeae foram semelhantes entre os tratamentos. T. diatraeae pode ser criado no hospedeiro alternativo T. molitor, por três gerações, sem comprometer seu desempenho reprodutivo, ao ser criado, posteriormente, no hospedeiro natural D. saccharalis.