Currently, a bidirectional relationship between the gut microbiota and the nervous system, which is considered as microbiota-gut-brain axis, is being actively studied. This axis is believed to be a key mechanism in the formation of somatovisceral functions in the human body. The gut microbiota determines the level of activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary system. In particular, the intestinal microbiota is an important source of neuroimmune mediators in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. This review reflects the current state of publications in PubMed and Scopus databases until December 2020 on the mechanisms of formation and participation of neuroimmune mediators associated with gut microbiota in the development of cardiovascular disease.

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy is the most common method for enteral nutrition in intensive care patients with dysphagia syndrome. The advantages of the method are the minimally invasive nature and duration of the operation, which also determines a small percentage of postoperative complications. There are many literary sources devoted to the most common complications, indications and contraindications to the procedure. The objective of the literature review was to analyze the data on the relative contraindications to percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and the tactics used by specialists to minimize the risks of performing surgery in this group of patients. Correction of the general condition and concomitant somatic diseases in the patient as well as a thorough risk assessment have the greatest impact on the immediate results of the operation.