The field of cryptography offers numerous methods for transmitting data securely through networks. It usually builds and evaluates several protocols that deal with the numerous facets of information security, such as confidentiality, integrity, etc. Modern cryptography includes a number of engineering and scientific areas. Everyday uses of cryptography include things like computer passwords, ATM cards, and electronic commerce. The term "cryptography" refers to a method of protecting data from unauthorized parties by converting readable and stable information into an unknowable form that can be deciphered on the other end to obtain the needed information using the decoding method supplied by the message's creator. Keywords: Hash function, encryption, symmetric key, and cryptography

Wireless technology networks are particularly vulnerable to security attacks. Wireless communication networks are widely used in education, defense, industry, healthcare, retail, and transportation. These systems rely on wired and cellular networks. In society and industry, wireless sensor networks, actuation networks, and vehicle networks have garnered a lot of attention. The Internet of Things has gotten a lot of research attention in recent years. The Internet of Things is regarded as the internet's future. IoT will play an important role in the future, changing our lifestyles, standards, and business structures. The use of IoT in various applications is likely to skyrocket in the next years. The Internet of Things enables billions of devices, people, and services to communicate and exchange information. IoT networks are vulnerable to several security vulnerabilities as a result of the rising use of IoT devices. It is crucial to implement effective privacy and security protocols in IoT networks to guarantee, among other things, confidentiality, authentication, access control, and integrity. This paper provides a thorough analysis of the security and privacy challenges in IoT networks. Keywords: Internet of Things, Security, Security Concerns, Attacks, Networks, Internet

Evidence based reconstruction may often be even more illuminating than other traditional evidence gathering strategies, but it is also extremely delicate and unpredictable due to the fact that evidence may not always be conclusive. The integrity of digital evidence is therefore extremely important, particularly when it comes from allegedly unlawful, illegitimate, or harmful activity. Regardless of the good or bad consequences of the acts and activities that created the evidence, the capture and reconstruction of events are critical to the operation of the digital world. Owing to the lack of skill and knowledge of digital forensics in Ghana, it creates a susceptible environment for criminals to continue their operations while avoiding prosecution due to a lack of evidence to prosecute them. The reconstruction of occurrences based on evidence is considered an eminent need for Africa and for that matter Ghana. Hence, the need for well-defined and advanced knowledge in evidence based reconstruction in digital forensics investigation to bridge the gap currently existing. This paper reviews literature on the concept of evidence based reconstruction as a means to advance knowledge on its relevance to the Africa region and Ghana for that matter. This would help forensics investigators to better understand the need for focus on using digital tools for reconstruction and focusing on evidence driven activities in case of crime and investigations. Finally, this paper presents an elaborated view from a literature point of view over the evidence based reconstruction and also helps other fellow colleagues in their quest to further understand the concept. Keywords: Evidence, Reconstruction, Digital evidence, Digital forensics, Investigation.