From 30 days after birth until the completion of the study, male and female rats were caged in same‐sexed twos or threes either with (enriched cages, EC) or without several objects for them to explore (standard cages, SC). From 41 to 50 days of age (late adolescence), they received a daily intraperitoneal injection of saline, or 10 or 20 mg/kg of the monoaminergic agonist drug of abuse, 1‐benzylpiperazine (BZP). Ten days later (PND60+), their behavior was observed over several days in an open field, an elevated plus maze, a light‐dark box and (to assess short‐term memory) a Y maze in which one of the arms had been changed in brightness between two trials. These tests were repeated from 40 days after PND60+, namely PND100+. While open‐arm occupancy at PND100+ in the plus maze was lower following both doses of the drug for SC rats only, other examples of BZP‐related heightened anxiety were confined to EC rats. This suggested that enrichment had enhanced rather than reduced any anxiogenic effects of the drug treatment. There was no plausible evidence of BZP‐associated impaired spatial memory required to recognize the changed novel Y‐maze arm. Instead, changes in novelty preferences or neophobia‐related anxiety were most likely. While there were also some examples of sex and age differences in the later effects of BZP, in most cases these were evident at both ages following treatment with both BZP doses. A number of overall BZP, cage, sex and age differences, independent of enrichment effects, were also observed.

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