The ability to see colors is not universal in the animal kingdom. Those animals that can detect differences in the wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum glean valuable sensory information about their environment. They use color vision to forage, avoid predators, and find highquality mates. In the past, the colors that humans could see clouded scientists' study of animals' color perception. Leaving that bias behind has led to new insights about how and why the color vision of animals evolved. This paper provides a brief introduction to color vision, the genetics of color vision in humans, what colors other animals see, and how scientists study color vision. We examine the consequences of having color vision, including speciation, loss of olfactory capabilities, and sexual selection.

he acknowledges that his focus is what it is-the "predominantly white, nonconformist, college-aged youths of the 1960s who rebelled against American racism, imperialism, and bourgeois social relations." Despite their antiracism, these young white men lived and operated in a racially segregated society. As for feminism, McMillian admits, "Very few male radicals developed progressive gender politics in the 1960s." Although there were some exceptions, women's generally subordinate roles as machine operators and girlfriends helped fuel their own efforts against patriarchy. While McMillian might have discussed the contradiction between socially liberal views and deep sexism, he is not blind to these issues, and faulting him for the prejudices of the times would be historically presentist. Besides, the feminist press deserves its own history.McMillian's study is a good read on its own, and it would be useful to researchers and graduate students interested in the dissident press in American history. It might also interest undergraduates, most of whom have never composed on a typewriter and who may not realize that free newspapers such as New Times, Willamette Week, and the Weekly of Tucson or Eugene (to name a few) had their roots in publications produced by people no older than themselves, whose interest was not edgy features and arts listings but stopping a war and questioning authority. That media technologies were at the heart of that introductory SDS image makes the study all the more historically relevant, given the role of media technologies in shaping revolutions in our own time. In fact, McMillian notes that these papers arguably paved the way for more recent types of alternative media, including the "'zines" of the 1990s and, more recently, the blogs that are instrumental in shaping revolutions.Yet, as McMillian notes in the Afterword, "never again will we see anything like the underground press of the Sixties," with its particular combination of technology, youth rebellion, and politics. That in itself speaks to the poignant passing of memory into history, which Smoking Typewriters helps mark.

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Throughout, Hochfelder combines judicious use of many primary sources with a seasoning, so to speak, of previous historical work. His extensive (forty pages) notes bear attention as there is considerable additional detail to be found there. And a chronology provides useful reference to the broader story.All told, then, this is a fine and well-informed brief survey. There are numerous longer ones, both modern and otherwise. But for a quick assessment of telegraphy's development and impact, this insightful book is hard to beat.

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