Patients with traumatic brain injuries often show impaired awareness of their impairments. This impaired awareness can decrease motivation for treatment and limit eventual functional outcome. The importance of this phenomenon has led to the development of multiple techniques and scales for measuring impaired awareness. The present paper briefly reviews the various methods of operationalizing impaired awareness and describes a new scale (the Awareness Questionnaire) designed to incorporate all these methods. Findings of previous studies supporting the validity of the Awareness Questionnaire are presented. The present investigation examined the factor structure and internal consistency of the Awareness Questionnaire with samples of 126 traumatic brain injury survivors and 75 family members/significant others. Principal components factor analysis with varimax rotation indicated three factors: cognitive, behavioural/affective, and motor/sensory. Investigation of internal consistency (Cronbach Coefficient Alpha) in both the patient and family sample yielded satisfactory results. These findings are supportive of continued use and investigation of the Awareness Questionnaire.
Impaired awareness of the effects of brain injury
is a commonly observed and poorly understood finding in
traumatic brain injury survivors. Nonetheless, impaired
awareness has been identified as a major factor in determining
outcome for traumatic brain injury survivors. Review of
previous studies of impaired awareness in this patient
population revealed a number of preliminary findings regarding
the nature of this phenomenon. The present paper presents
the results of 2 new studies with a total of 111 traumatic
brain injury patients conducted to bring further clarity
to this area. Findings confirmed and extended many results
of previous investigations. Specific findings included
patient overestimation of functioning as compared to family
member ratings, patient report of greater physical than
nonphysical impairment, greater patient–family agreement
on specific ratings of patient functioning than on general
ratings, greater agreement of family and clinician ratings
of patient functioning with each other than with patient
self-ratings, and partial disagreement of different methods
of measuring impaired awareness. (JINS, 1998,
4, 380–387.)
Participant perceptions following structured and nonstructured human relations training were investigated. The design included three structured and three nonstructured groups and three leader teams with each team conducting one group under each of the two formats. The Group Opinion Questionnaire was administered to participants at the twelfth (final) session. Participants in structured groups reported greater ego involvement in their groups, more self-perceived personality change since joining the group, and greater group unity than did participants in nonstructured groups. The evidence suggests that greater leader experience is associated with more favorable participant perceptions.1 This article was based on the first author's doctoral dissertation at the University of Iowa under the direction of Robert R. Kurtz.Requests for reprints should be sent to Ellen M. Levin,
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.