<p>ABSTRACT</p><p>Helopeltis antonii is one of the major pests in most cashew growingareas in Indonesia. The pest attacks cashew plants in the nursery and alsoin the fields which caused significant damage. Apart of cashew the insectshave a lot of alternate host plants such as tea, cocoa, neem, pepper,mangoes, jamboes, etc. This research was aimed at investigating thedispersion pattern of H. antonii in cashew plantation. The research wasconducted in smallholder cashew plantation in Ngadirejo, Wonogiri,Indonesia from March 2004 to May 2006. The observation of H. antoniipopulation was carried out on 60 sample plants which selectedsystematically in about 2 ha cashew plantation area every two weeks.Distribution analysis using various indices of dispersion and regressionmodels was applied to evaluate the dispersion of H. antonii in cashewplantation. The result shows that variance to mean ratio (s 2 / x ), χ2, Lloydmean crowding, Green’s coefficient of dispersion and Taylor’s power lawindicate aggregated distribution when the population is high duringflushing-flowering seasons of cashew plants, and it indicates regular orrandom distribution when the population is low during post-floweringseasons. The aggregated distribution on cashew plants indicated that thereis a preferency to food sources of the plants and an individual behaviour toaggregate. Therefore, sampling and monitoring H. antonii in cashewplantation should be carried out systematically during flushing-floweringseasonsKey words: Cashew,  Anacardium  occidentale,  pest  management,Helopeltis antonii, dispersion, Central Java</p><p>ABSTRAK</p><p>Pola sebaran Helopeltis antonii Signoret (Hemiptera:Miridae) pada pertanaman jambu meteHelopeltis antonii merupakan salah satu hama utama tanamanjambu mete yang ditemukan hampir di setiap area pengembangan mete diIndonesia. Hama ini menyerang tanaman jambu mete sejak pembibitanhingga di lapangan dengan kerusakan yang cukup signifikan. Selain jambumete, serangga ini juga mempunyai banyak inang alternatif antara lain teh,kakao, mimba, lada,mangga, jambu air dll. Penelitian ini bertujuan untukmenentukan sebaran serangga tersebut, khususnya sebaran horizontal padapertanaman jambu mete. Penelitian dilakukan di pertanaman jambu metemilik petani di daerah Ngadirejo, Wonogiri, Indonesia dari Maret 2004sampai Mei 2006. Pengamatan populasi H. antonii dilakukan pada 60tanaman sampel yang dipilih secara sistematik pada area pertanamanjambu mete seluas kurang lebih 2 ha setiap 2 minggu sekali. Hasil analisismenggunakan beberapa indek pengelompokan dan model regresi yaiturasio keragaman terhadap rata-rata (s 2 / x ), χ2,rata-rata pengelompokandari Lloyd, koefisien sebaran dari Green dan hukum kekuatan Taylormenunjukkan penyebaran yang mengelompok jika populasi tinggi selamamusim pembentukan tunas dan pembungaan jambu mete, dan merata atauacak jika populasi rendah sesudah musim pembungaan. Pengelompokan H.antonii pada tanaman jambu mete menunjukkan adanya ketertarikan padaketersediaan makanan pada tanaman jambu mete dan perilaku individuserangga tersebut. Oleh karena itu untuk pengambilan sampel danpengamatan serangga tersebut sebaiknya dilakukan secara sistematis padasaat musim pembentukan tunas dan pembungaan.Kata kunci: Jambu mete, Anacardium occidentale, pengendalian hama,Helopeltis antonii, sebaran, Jawa Tengah</p>

The decrease of Indonesian pepper production caused by the decrease of productivity in production centre. Many problems faced by smallholders. To find out the real problems of pepper cultivation, a research had been carried out in several production centre such as Lampong, Bangka, Central and West Java with the objectives : a) to explore the problems and the performance of pepper plantation, and b) to identify technology adoption and technology needed. The research were conducted from May through October 2017. The method used was survey by collecting primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected through intervieuwing farmers, local government, businessman and extension workers. SWOT analysis and FGD were used to arrange policy recommendations. The problems found out in pepper development in all areas were a) there was limited technologies adoption of seeds, cultivation and processing, b) the shortage of superior varieties in production centre, c) the shortage of farmers capital because of very srare partnership between farmers and businessman, d) very high attack of pest and deseases so that farmers changed their plant into oilpalm and rubber, e) world price fluctuation that farmers could not manage the plantation, d) climate change and e) the shortage of farmers mastering the technology..

<p>Serangga berperan penting pada petumbuhan dan perkembangan serta produktivitas tanaman jambu mete. Di daerah Lombok, Nusa Tcnggara Barat telah diidcntiikasi lebih dari 90 jenis serangga yang meliputi serangga hama, musuh alami, penyerbuk dan serangga lainnya. Helopeltis spp. dan S. indecora merupakan serangga hama yang menonjol di wilayah tersebut. Beberapa musuh alami juga telah ditemukan, terutama semut yang bcrfungsi sebagai predator bagi Helopeltis spp. Akhir-akhir ini ketiga jenis serangga tersebut sering bcrada bersamaan dalam satu tanaman. Oleh sebab itu penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pcranan semut dan intcraksinya dengan Helopeltis spp. dan S. indecora. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Dusun Sambik Rindang dan Sambik Jengkel, Lombok Barat dai bulan Mei sampai dengan Nopember 2003 Penelitian tcrdiri atas 3 kegiatan yang satu sama lain saling menunjang, yaitu (a) penelitian lapang, (b) penelitian semi lapang, dan (c) penelitian rumah kaca/pot. Pada penelitian lapang keadaan lingkungan tidak dikendalikan. pengamatan dilakukan dengan penarikan contoh. Penelitian lapang ditunjang oleh penelitian semi lapang, yaitu hanya salah satu faktor lingkungan yang dikendalikan (faktor populasi semut : 0, 5, dan 10 koloni per 5 tanaman). Penelitian semi lapang kemudian ditunjang oleh penelitian rumah kaca/pot. Pada penelitian ini tiga faktor dikendalikan/diperlakukan yaitu populasi semut, populasi Helopeltis dan populasi Sanurus indecora. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa hama utama yang dominan di Dusun Sambik Jengkel berbeda dengan hama utama yang dominan di Dusun Sambik Rindang. Di Sambik Jengkel, Helopeltis lebih dominan dibandingkan dengan i'. indecora, walaupun S. indecora ditemukan tapi tidak sebanyak serangan Helopeltis. Di Sambik Rindang terjadi sebaliknya, 5. indecora lebih dominan bila dibandingkan dengan Helopeltis. Semut cukup berperan dalam mengendalikan populasi Helopeltis. Dai data yang diperoleh sampai bulan Oktober 2003 diketahui bahwa persentase pucuk yang terserang Helopeltis lebih kecil pada kelompok-kelompok tanaman yang dibei perlakuan semut, begitu pula populasi nimfa dan imagonya. Tidak demikian yang terjadi dengan ,S'. Indecora, populasi nimfa dan imagonya tidak dipengaruhi oleh kehadiran semut. Pada kelompok tanaman yang dibei perlakuan semut, populasi S. indecora justru lebih banyak. Namun demikian, jumlah bunga yang diserang S. indecora lebih banyak pada pucuk yang tidak ada semutnya. Oleh sebab itu, khusus pada bunga, 5. indecora tidak akan datang kalau pada bunga tersebut ada semutnya. Pada pucuk yang telah diserang 5. indecora, semut tidak mengganggu kecuali kalau Helopeltis tidak ada, semut akan memangsa nimfa-nimfa S. indecora.<br /><br />Kata kunci: Anacardium occidentale, jambu mete, Helopeltis spp., nektar, Sanurus indecora, semut<br /><br /></p><p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong><br /><br />Role of ants (Oecophylla smaragdina and Dolichoderus sp.) in controlling Helopeltis spp. and Sanurus indecora on cashew plant<br /><br />Insects have important roles in cashew growth and productivity. In Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, more than 90 kinds of insects have been identiied including pest, natural enemies and pollinators. Helopeltis spp. and S. indecora are the main pests in this area. Ants were found to be the predator of Helopeltis spp. Nowadays the three kinds of insects sometime exist in one plant, therefore the objective of this research was to ind out the interaction among Helopeltis spp., S. indecora and ants. The research was caried out in Sambik Rindang and Sambik Jengkel, West Lombok from May to November 2003. There were 3 activities of research (a) ield <br /><br />trial, (b) semi-ield tial, and (c) glass house trial. In the ield trial, the environment conditions were not treated as ixed variables, the observations were done by sampling This ield trial was supported by semi ield trial, only one factor was used as a treatment (ants population) that had 3 levels : 0, 5, and 10 colonies per 5 plants. The semi ield trial was also supported by glass house trial. In this trial 3 factors were used as treatments ants population, Helopeltis spp. and Sanurus indecora population. The result showed that the main pest found in Sambik Jengkel was different from the main pest found in Sambik Rindang. In Sambik Jengkel, Helopeltis spp. was dominant, while in Sambik Rindang £ indecora. Ants had an impotant role in controlling Helopeltis population. The data obtained up to October 2003 revealed that the percentage of damaged shoots was less in the ants-invested plant than that without ants Meanwhile, the population of 5. indecora was not affected by ants incidence, however the number of flowers atacked by £ indecora were more in the shoots without ants. If shoots were previously attacked by S. indecora, the ants would not bother the insects, but when there was no Helopeltis spp. in the plant, the ants would atack the nymphs of S. indecora.<br /><br />Key words : Anacardium occidentale, cashew plant, ants, Helopeltis spp., nectarc, Sanurus indecora</p>

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<p>Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir tanaman jambu mete di NTB diserang oleh wercng pucuk. yang semula dikenal sebagai Lawana sp. atau L. Candida. Penamaan tersebut tidak tepat karena tidak didukung oleh penelitian taksonomi yang memadai. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi serangga wereng pucuk tersebut berdasarkan ciri morfologi serta mcmpelajari beberapa aspek biologinya. Identiikasi dilakukan di Balai Penelitian Tanaman Rempah dan Obat (Balittro), Bogor dan Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Biologi LIPI, Cibinong dari September - Nopember 2002, sedang pengamatan lapang di lakukan di daerah Lombok, NTB pada tahun 2001-2002. Dai identifikasi terhadap serangga contoh yang diambil dai beberapa lokasi di Lombok, NTB dapat disimpulkan bahwa wereng pucuk jambu mete tersebut adalah Sanurus indecora Jacobi. Beberapa cii utama serangga ini antara lain pada bentuk dan venasi sayap depan (legmen), jumlah spina (duri) lateral pada tibia kaki belakang, bentuk carina pada frons (muka bagian atas) dan bentuk aedeagus (genitalia jantan). Hasil pengamatan di lapangan menunjukkan bahwa daerah sebaran serangga tersebut terdapat di daerah Lombok dan Sumbawa, mempunyai banyak inang antara lain mangga, jeruk, krotalaria, jarak, rambutan, bougcnville dan nangka, siklus hidup 3 -4 minggu, seekor imago mampu meletakkan telur 80 butir atau lebih serta mempunyai beberapa musuh alami antara lain parasitoid telur, Aphanomerus sp. dan jamur entomopatogen, Synnematium sp. dan atau Hirsulella citriformis.</p><p>Kata kunci: Wereng pucuk, jambu mete, Sanurus indecora</p><p> </p><p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p><strong>Identiication of cashew shoot hopper, S. indecora and its biological aspects</strong></p><p>In the last few years, cashew plantations in West Nusa Tenggara has been attacking by shoot hopper, which formerly known as Lawana sp. or L. Candida. The naming was incorrect as there was not supported by accurate taxonomic study. The research was aimed at identifying the insect based on its morphological characteristics and studying its biological aspects in the ield. Identification was carried out in Balittro (Research Institute for Spice and Medicinal Crops), Bogor and Biological Research and Development Centre LIPI, Cibinong from September Nopember 2002, while ield observation was carried out in Lombok, NTB duing 2001-2002. Identification result showed that the shoot hopper is Sanurus indecora Jacobi. Some important characteristics of the insect arc the form and venation of tegmen, number of metatibial spina, form of carina on the frons and Ihe aedeagus. Results of the ield observation showed that the insect spreads in Lombok and Sumbawa. The alternative host plants are mango, citrus, Crolalaria, Ricmus commums, rambutan, Bougenville and Jackfruit. Its life cycle is 3 -4 weeks, female could lay 80 eggs or more. They have some natural enemies such as egg parasitoid, Aphanomerus sp. and entomopathogen fungi. Synnematium sp. or Hirsulella cilnformts.</p><p>Key words : Shool hopper, Anacardium occidentale. Sanurus indecora</p>