ObjectivesThe present research was conducted to compare cognitive errors and rumination in patients with obsessive-compulsive and social phobia disorders. Methods The research design was cross-sectional post event descriptive survey. The research participants included 30 patients with social phobia disorder and 30 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder who were aged between 15 and 50 years in Zanjan city, who were available samples. They were selected on the basis of psychiatrist diagnosis and structured diagnostic interviews (SCID-I) and (SCID-II), and the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Cognitive errors questionnaire and ruminative response style questionnaire were used to measure the variables. Results The results, analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance, indicated that there is a significant difference with regard to the components of cognitive error between the patients belonging to the two groups (obsessive-compulsive and social phobia disorders )(P≤0.05). There was no significant difference between the mean scores of rumination components in groups' P≤0.05 level. Conclusion According to the research findings, cognitive errors and rumination play important roles in obsessive-compulsive and social phobia disorders as experienced by both the groups. However, the patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder had more cognitive errors compared to the patients with social phobia disorder. The results confirm the equal role of rumination in the psychopathology of these two groups.

Objectives: The present study aimed to examine the effects of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) group therapy on anxiety, depression, stress, and the Intolerance of Uncertainty (IU) in infertile women receiving In Vitro Fertilization (IVF). Methods: This was a randomized clinical trial with a pre-test/post-test and 3-month follow-up design. The study sample included 30 women with infertility who referred to Taleghani Hospital in Tehran City, Iran in 2018. We enrolled 30 individuals in the present study. The study samples were randomly divided into two groups of experimental and control (n=15/group). All study participants completed the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS), and the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS) before and after providing the intervention. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS. Results: The current research results revealed a significant difference between the MBSR and control groups in IU, stress, depression, and anxiety. Furthermore, there were significant differences in all dependent variables between pre-test and post-test scores except for IU in the experimental group. Discussion: The provided MBSR group therapy could reduce the rate of depression, anxiety, and stress in infertile women receiving IVF; however, it presented no significant effect on IU. In other words, IU may be a complex phenomenon, i.e. amenable to treatment and further studies are required to examine its reasons.

Objective This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of medication therapy combined with transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in improving problem-solving and emotion regulation abilities of patients with bipolar disorder (BD) type I. Methods This is a randomized clinical trial conducted on 30 patients with BD I, randomly assigned into two groups of Medication (n = 15, receiving mood stabilizers including 2−5 tablets of lithium 300 mg, sodium valproate 200 mg, and carbamazepine 200 mg) and Medication + tDCS (n = 15, receiving mood stabilizers plus tDCS with 2 mA intensity over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for 10 days, two sessions per day each for 20 minutes). The Tower of London (TOL) test and Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) were used for assessments before, immediately, and 3 months after interventions. Results There was a significant difference between groups in total ERQ ( p = 0.001) and its cognitive reappraisal domain ( p = 0.000) which were increased, but the difference was not significant in its expressive suppression domain ( p > 0.05). After 3 months, their level decreased. In examining problem-solving variable, the combined therapy could significantly reduce only the total number of errors under TOL test ( p = 0.00), but it remained unchanged after 3 months. Conclusion Medication therapy plus tDCS is effective in improving problem-solving and emotional regulation (cognitive reappraisal) skills of patients with BD I.

The purpose of this article is studying the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral group counseling on stress and self-efficacy in second grade female students studying in a high school of Shrvan County. This research is a pre-test and post-test experimental design along with the control group. The statistical population is all 15-18 years-old second grade female students studying in a high school of Shirvan County in 2015-2016. 30 subjects were selected in the form of multistep cluster as the sample size. Data collection tool is Morgan-Jinks (MJSES) Student Efficacy Scale Questionnaire and critical academic stress (1993). Data were analyzed using variance analysis method. The results showed that cognitive-behavioral group counseling was significant on stress and academic self-efficacy. This means cognitive-behavioral counseling enhances the academic efficacy and reduces the student stress.

This clinical trial aims to assess the effectiveness of internet-based Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders in Adolescents (UP-A) during the COVID-19 pandemic in reducing stress, anxiety, and depression, and psychological flexibility of 40 adolescents with subclinical features of emotional disorder randomly divided into two groups of intervention and control. They first completed DASS-21 and AAQ-2 online. Then, the intervention group received 12 sessions of UP-A through video call on WhatsApp, 2 days per week each for 45 minutes. Their stress, anxiety, and depression levels decreased and their psychological flexibility increased immediately and 3 months after the intervention.