Light exposure from the sun is the most crucial variable for producing optimal pitcher size and colour variation in Nepenthes. This study aimed to observe the effect of forest canopy structure on morphological character of Nepenthes ampullaria’s pitcher parts (longitudinal, front, and peristome) both on size and shape using Geometric morphometric (GM) approach and its prey diversity. We classified the forest canopy structure into two categories: inside the canopy and open space area (gap). We used Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) images to build Canopy Height Model (CHM). Then, ForestGapR R package used to analyse and generated the forest gaps area. The prey specimens and photograph samples comprised from 9 individuals with three lower pitchers in open space area with high light exposure as well as shaded area inside the canopy. Total of 54 images were marked by point and curve to generated a landmark analysis using GeoMorph R package. Based on GM analysis, we observed that the forest canopy structure could affect Nepenthes pitcher shape but not in pitcher size. Our field result revealed Nepenthes ampullaria likely dominated by darker colour with a red spot in the shaded area and bright green colour in the open. However, based on our study the pitcher in shaded area inside the canopy have a larger number of prey species than the open area.

Butterflies are important insect used as bioindicator in addition to their attractiveness in nature. In the wild, butterflies actually use broad spectrum of food sources rather than just sipping nectar as commonly known. This study aimed to collect butterflies that may use substances produced by decaying carrion. It used Carrion Bite Traps baited with decaying fishes or shrimps and set at Harau Valley Nature Reserve areas from April to June 2019. The traps were checked every 24 hours for seven consecutive days at valley site, conservation site sites and plantations site. A total 35 butterfly species that belong to 24 genera and four families identified from 90 collected individuals. Nymphalidae became butterfly family with the highest species number observed (30), while three other families with few species recorded, i.e. Hesperidae with three species, Lycaenidae and Pieridae with one species each. This result might suggest specific trophic of Nymphaeidae compared to other butterfly families. Species diversity for butterflies in relation to decaying carrion was high (3.24), indicating the effectiveness of carrion as bait for butterflies in biodiversity rapid assessment.