Skin preparation with either chlorhexidine-alcohol or povidone-iodine resulted in comparable rates of SSIs. Accordingly, both are suitable antiseptic agents for skin preparation before elective CS.

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185 women, recruited from the Outpatient Infertility Clinic. Sample size was calculated based on the incidence of PCO in anovulatory infertile women from the literature, 11 80% of anovulatory infertility, so about 32% of all infertile women referred to our tertiary hospital per year at 99% confidence level , 5% CI, 170 patients were required. For drop out cases 200 women were included and 185 women completed follow up. This study followed the Ethical Committee rules of Obstetrics

Objective To compare the effects of a levonorgestrel‐releasing intrauterine system (LNG‐IUS) and a copper intrauterine device (Cu‐IUD) on menstrual changes and uterine artery Doppler indices. Methods A randomized clinical trial was conducted at Menoufia University Hospital, Egypt, between December 2016 and August 2017. 306 multiparous women desiring intrauterine contraception were randomly assigned to LNG‐IUS (n=152) or Cu‐IUD (n=154). Uterine artery pulsatility index (PI) and resistant index (RI) were measured before use, and 3 and 6 months after insertion, and associations with abnormal bleeding were evaluated. Results Irregular bleeding was initially reported by 31 (74%) of 42 women in the LNG‐IUS group, and heavy menstrual bleeding by 53 (67%) of 79 women in the Cu‐IUD group. Incidence of abnormal bleeding decreased over the 6‐month study period. Uterine artery PI was significantly correlated with abnormal bleeding at a cutoff of 1.35 with area under the curve (AUC) 0.93, sensitivity 88%, and specificity 100%, whereas uterine artery RI was significantly correlated with abnormal bleeding at a cutoff of 0.62 with AUC 0.1, sensitivity 96%, and specificity 100%. Conclusion LNG‐IUS‐related abnormal bleeding was associated with changes in uterine artery blood flow that were not evident among Cu‐IUD users. Pan African Clinical Trials Registry: PACTR201701001900640.