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Few works on modern imperialism (1880–1914) include Dutch political and military behaviour in the Indonesian archipelago. Theories concerning colonial expansion in this period have been based almost exclusively on the activities of the big powers, scrambling for new territories in Africa. The small country of the Netherlands, expanding its colonial frontiers within its nominal sphere of interest, did not arouse much interest, the less so as its history and sources are not easily accessible due to an internationally little known language.

This analysis of three debates among the Indonesian (mainly Javanese) elite of the 1930s illustrates what was meant by "iboe jang sedjati", or "the true women", in a decade of striving nationalism and a more outspoken feminist movement. The debates concern a fashion show/beauty contest; concubinage; and the role of modern Indonesian women themselves. The article demonstrates that in response to ongoing processes of modernization or Westernization, Javanese gender perceptions were voiced in an Indonesian idiom of a moral character, as opposed to what was considered the immorality of Dutch colonial and Western culture. This gender idiom was infused with the idea of harmony: harmony among different Indonesian women's organizations and harmony between Indonesian women and Indonesian men. Moreover, in addition to a "maternal feminism," focused on women as child bearers and child educators, a "companionate feminism" emerged toward women supporting men. This companionate feminism betrayed traditional Javanese norms of being "halus" (refined), but it also served new political goals of Indonesian unity and Indonesian nationalism.

Annelies van der Schaten Olivier met haar nationaal feestschortje en een feesttoeter op 5 mei 1947. 'Memories of the Second World War in international comparative perspective' (RIOD, Amsterdam). Sindsdien verschenen literatuur is in de annotatie verwerkt. Ik ben de betrokkenen bij de Indische monumenten, die ik indertijd heb mogen interviewen zeer erkentelijk voor hun bereidheid mij in hun kennis over dit onderwerp te laten delen: