Purpose: To describe risk factors, clinical parameters, treatment, and prognosis for patients with septic cavernous sinus thrombosis presenting with orbital cellulitis. Methods: Retrospective case series of 6 patients identified with septic cavernous sinus thrombosis and orbital cellulitis confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging at a tertiary care center from January 1980 to December 2016. Medical records were reviewed for demographics, risk factors, symptoms, etiology, radiographic diagnosis, complications, treatments, and outcomes. In addition, a literature review was performed from 2005 to 2018, and 119 cases of septic cavernous sinus thrombosis confirmed by imaging were included for aggregate comparison. This study adheres to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki, and institutional review board approval was obtained. Results: All 6 cases presented with headache, fever, ocular motility deficit, periorbital edema, and proptosis. The primary source of infection included sinusitis (n = 4) and bacteremia (n = 2). Identified microorganisms included methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (n = 3) and Streptococcus anginosus (n = 1). All cases were treated with broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics and anticoagulation, and one case underwent endoscopic sinus surgery. The mean time between initial presentation to diagnosis of cavernous sinus thrombosis was 2.8 days, and the average length of hospital admission was 21 days. The mortality rate was 0%, but 4 cases were discharged with neurological deficits including vision loss (n = 1) and ocular motility disturbance (n = 3). Literature review produced an additional 119 cases. Conclusions: Early diagnostic imaging with contrast-enhanced CT or MRI should be initiated in patients with risk factors and ocular symptoms concerning for cavernous sinus thrombosis. Treatment entails early administration of broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics, anticoagulation, and surgical drainage when applicable.

Based on our findings, the following features may be markers of high risk orbitofacial basal cell carcinoma: 1) increasing tumor size, 2) local recurrence of the primary tumor, 3) aggressive histologic subtype, and 4) perineural invasion. Screening should include close observation of the primary site and tissues in the distribution of regional lymphatics, particularly the parotid gland and cervical lymph nodes.

An 8-year-old female patient presented with left upper eyelid swelling and erythema. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed an orbital mass involving the left lacrimal gland with subsequent incisional biopsy leading to the diagnosis of angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia. Initially prescribed an oral corticosteroid, alternative management was sought after 4 months due to unwanted side effects of steroid therapy. Oral propranolol (2 mg/kg/day) was initiated with concurrent steroid taper. Interval decrease in lesion size was observed on subsequent magnetic resonance imaging with complete resolution of subjective symptoms (Fig. 1). She remains stable 14 months after starting beta-blocker therapy. To our knowledge, our case is the second case report suggesting oral beta-blocker may be an alternative therapy for orbital angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia.

With further study, injectable 2.5% polyacrylamide hydrogel may provide an excellent alternative to solid orbital implants. The implant material was universally well tolerated and maintained appropriate volume in the orbit for the study period of 1 year. Extensive vascularization of the implant was noted indicating biointegration.

A 41-year-old woman with adenoid cystic carcinoma of the left lacrimal gland underwent extended left orbital exenteration and postoperative external beam radiation therapy. She presented 1 year postoperatively with contralateral right orbital involvement. The authors report a rare case of adenocystic carcinoma of the lacrimal gland with bilateral orbital involvement.