Nell’articolo è stata presentata l’efficacia della separazione coniugale dal momento della sua approvazione nella legge polacca. I dati statistici di questo periodo dimostrano, che essa si è lentamente aumentata rispetto alla sua entrata in vigore, dal 3 % nel 2000 al 7 % nel 2008.  Si può dire, che essa non è ancora accettata in modo sufficiente dalla popolazione polacca. Il suo concetto è conosciuto in maggior parte dalle persone con l’istruzione superiore, specialmente nella materia giuridica. La scarsa conoscenza della legge sulla separazione ha la sua fonte, in modo particolare, nella lotta politica tra i diversi esponenti politici, che spesso la loro discussione non toccava il merito di tale figura giuridica, ma si appoggiava sulla demagogia. Attualmente, col passare del tempo, la separazione coniugale non suscita più clamore, né interessamento dai mezzi di comunicazione sociale e in parte anche dell’opinione pubblica. Considerando tutto questo, si può adesso concentrare l’attenzione sulla dimostrazione dei veri contenuti della legge di separazione.

The article presents the main findings of the survey of files of 181 cases in which a ban on contact with children was adjudicated and became legally binding by the end of 2017. The survey was carried out by the Institute of Justice. The survey showed that ban on contact with a child is adjudicated relatively rarely. The general assessment of the case law is positive, nevertheless the author presents a number of suggestions of how it can be improved. She suggests, among others, a change in the practice of treating the child as a participant in the proceedings; more frequent use of direct hearing of the child; treating the admission of psychological and pedagogical opinions as a rule; effective actions in order to establish the position in respect of the person who is to be banned from contacting the child. The author points to the validity of the long-term assessment of the child’s good and distinction between the protection of the child’s interest and the interest of the ‘primary carer’.

W okresie zaborów na części ziem polskich obowiązywało prawo rosyjskie. Przepisy tomu X Zbioru Praw z 1832 r., nie przewidujące ustalenia ojcostwa dziecka pozamałżeńskiego, zostały zmienione w Rosji bezpośrednio po rewolucji w 1917 r. W Polsce zmiany zo stały dokonane dopiero po drugiej wojnie światowej. Wtedy w Związku Radzieckim ponownie obowiązywał już zakaz sądowego ustalenia ojcostwa, uchylony dopiero w 1968 r., zaś w Polsce sytu acja polityczna sprzyjała naśladownictwu rozwiązań radzieckich. Jednakże ewolucja rozwiązań normatywnych, dotyczących sądowe go ustalenia ojcostwa, w obu państwach przebiegała odmienniemimo, wspólnego w znacznej mierze, "punktu wyjścia".Polskie "Prawo rodzinne" (dekret z 22 stycznia 1946 r.) powstało w oparciu o oryginalne projekty z okresu międzywojennego. Kiedy one powstawały, według powszechnie akceptowanych poglądów pełne równouprawnienie dzieci pozamałżeńskich z małżeńskimi nie było możliwe1.

WYNIKI BADAŃ OPINII SĘDZIÓW O PRZEDSTAWIONYM W „ZIELONEJ KSIĘDZE” USYTUOWANIU PRAWA RODZINNEGO W PRZYSZŁEJ KODYFIKACJI

This article concerns contacts of grandparents with minor grandchildren (Art. 1136 of the Family and Guardianship Code); the related problems are presented against the backdrop of social and pedagogical aspects of intergenerational bonds. The author presents the thesis that contacts between grandparents and minor grandchildren should be perceived not only as a right, but also as a duty of the parties, though having a lesser intensity than the similar relationship between parents and their minor children. In case of a conflict between the standpoints of parents and children concerning contacts with grandparents, the primary duty of minor children is that of obedience towards parents, which takes precedence over the duty of contact with grandparents. Yet parents should exercise parental authority in such a way so as to avoid creating conflicts of loyalty on the children’s part. Moreover, they should take steps to enable their children to discharge their legal duties, established in the minors’ interest. The article also presents the basic findings from a study of court files in cases relating to grandparents’ applications for establishment of their contacts with minor grandchildren.