The results of this study are useful for public health intervention programs to combat dental caries in the Saudi community.

Objectives: To investigate how the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic quarantine affected Saudi adults' dietary behaviors and lifestyles in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Methods:A retrospective cross-sectional study using an electronic questionnaire was adopted. A total of 476 Saudis residing in Jeddah were involved with the investigation. The study was carried out from March to May 2021. The questionnaire addressed dietary behaviors (types of foods consumed) and lifestyle behaviors (food shopping, physical activity, and sleep quality).

Methotrexate (MTX) is a cytotoxic drug used to treat a wide range of cancers and non-cancerous conditions. However, it can cause unfavorable acute toxic effects in several organs, including the testis.  Equisetum arvense L. (E. arvense) extract is effective in counteracting oxidative stress-related disorders. This study assessed the preventive effect of E. arvense extract against MTX-induced testicular toxicity. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) was used to analyze the active constituents of E. arvense extract. Testicular toxicity was induced via MTX injection (0.5 mg/kg/ twice a week for 4 weeks). Forty male albino rats were divided into 4 groups: I- control (Cont); II: MTX; III: E. arvense (500 mg/kg/daily for 10 weeks); and IV: E. arvense + MTX. E. arvense main active constituents were squalane (15%), ascorbic acid per methyl (9.55%), phytol (8.69%), 2-pyrroline 1,2-dimethyl (8.63%), and octacosane (8.23%). Treatment of MTX injected rats with E. arvense produced a significant rise in body weight, serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone. E. arvense significantly increased the sperm counts, viability, and motility relative to the MTX injected rats. The levels of testicular oxidative stress and inflammation significantly reduced in the MTX rats treated with E. arvense. Furthermore, E. arvense markedly improved the testicular tissue and seminiferous tubules’ pathologic features in MTX-treated rats. E. arvense significantly decreased lipid peroxidation products, interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha while increasing superoxide dismutase levels.  E. arvense prevented MTX-induced testicular damage via anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities.