Purpose: Menopause may be associated with some adverse changes, such as oral dryness (OD) feeling. The exact mechanisms that mediate sensation of OD in menopausal women have not been firmly established. The purpose of the present study was to assess the relationship of un-stimulated whole saliva cortisol and chromogranin A (CgA) levels with OD feeling in post-menopausal women.Materials & methods: : The present study was conducted on eighty selected post-menopausal women with/without xerostomia. Subjects were equally divided into two groups, forty patients each. Group I: (study group) constituted by 40 female subjects meeting the selection criteria and having xerostomia. Group II: (control group) constituted by 40 female subjects meeting the same criteria with the exception of the presence of xerostomia. Un-stimulated whole saliva cortisol and chromogranin A concentrations were measured by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Collected data of the present study was tabulated and statistically analyzed using the statistical software package. Results: The means of salivary cortisol and chromogranin A concentrations were significantly higher with significantly decrease in the mean un-stimulated salivary flow rate (UWSFR) in group I (xerostomia group) compared to group II (control group) (P 0.001). Conclusion: Significant associations between salivary cortisol and CgA levels and symptoms of oral dryness and reduced salivary flow rates were detected.

Aim To evaluate the impact of warm distension medium versus room temperature distension medium on pain control among patients undergoing office hysteroscopy. Methods A systematic search was done in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and ISI web of science from inception to October 2021. We selected randomized clinical trials (RCTs) compared warmed saline distension medium in the intervention group versus room temperature distension medium in the control group among women undergoing diagnostic and/or operative office hysteroscopy. Revman software was utilized for performing our meta‐analysis. Our primary outcomes were pain scores evaluated by the visual analog scale (VAS) during and after the procedure. Our secondary outcome was the patient satisfaction between both groups. Results Five RCTs met our inclusion criteria with a total number of 441 patients. We found warm saline was linked to a significant reduction in the VAS pain score during the procedure compared to the control group (mean difference [MD] = −1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] [−1.80, −0.45], p = 0.001). Moreover, the VAS pain score after the procedure was significantly declined among the warm saline group (MD = −0.62, 95% CI [−0.97, −0.27], p = 0.005). Interestingly, more patients were significantly satisfied with warm saline distension medium application compared to room temperature group (odds ratio [OR] = 3.71, 95% CI [2.01, 6.86], p < 0.001). Conclusions Warm saline application in office hysteroscopy is effective in reducing pain during and after the procedure as well as improvement in patient satisfaction.

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Introduction The aim of this study is to assess the secretory-phase endometrial leucocytes in women with 2 or more unexplained abortions and in healthy controls. Material and methods This cross-sectional study was performed in 3 tertiary centres: Ain Shams University, Al-Azhar, and October 6 University Maternity Hospitals. The study included 50 women who consented to participate in this study. Women were divided in 2 groups; the first group consisted of 25 non-pregnant women with unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss, while the second group (n = 25) included non-pregnant women as a control group who had no history of recurrent pregnancy loss. Endometrial biopsies were taken from all participants around the expected time of implantation (one week after induction of ovulation by human chorionic gonadotrophins) to elucidate the T lymphocyte population, CD4+ (helper-T) and CD8+ (suppressor-T) markers. Results Women with 2 or more unexplained abortions had significantly less endometrial CD8+ ( p < 0.05), and consequently their endometrial CD4/CD8 ratio was higher in relation to the controls. There was no significant difference in endometrial CD4+ in relation to controls (p > 0.05). Conclusions From the results we can conclude that CD8 is more valuable than CD4 in women with recurrent spontaneous miscarriage. CD8 is better positive than negative in such patients.