Although the current treatment of schistosomiasis relies largely on praziquantel (PZQ), it has not been successful in significantly reducing the overall rate of disease cases, one of the suggested reasons being the inevitable resistance to PZQ. Previous studies showed that radiation-attenuated vaccine provides protection against Schistosoma mansoni in a host of various species. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of various vaccination strategies in C57BL/6 mice, including single or multiple vaccination strategy, subcurative dose (20 mg/kg) of PZQ, and a combination of single vaccination with subcurative dose of PZQ. Treatment either with subcurative dose of PZQ or with a single vaccination of attenuated cercariae (500 per mouse), caused significant reduction in total worm burden, hepatic, and intestinal ova counts of 43.03, 73.2, and 59.5 and 37.97, 52.02, and 26.3%, respectively. Furthermore, tegumental changes were observed. In multiple vaccinated group, there was an extensive lysis in tegumental layers. High deformations in gastrodermis, testis cells, vitelline cells, and oocytes were recorded. Also, this study is to explore the role of humoral immunity using highly resistant rabbits that had been exposed to three immunizations with ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated cercariae (8000 per rabbit in each immunization), and their sera were tested for their ability to transfer protection. The reduction in challenge worm burden had reached 32.76-43.64% when compared with recipients of normal serum or no serum. The reduction in hepatic and intestinal ova counts reached to 74.4 and 71.08% in group immunized with vaccinated rabbit sera. Swelling and extensive lysis of tegumental layers, gastrodermis lumen, spermatocytes, and deformation of oocytes were recorded with more severity than that recorded in normal rabbit sera group. Our findings recorded that multiple vaccination strategy is the most effective strategy then passive transfer of vaccinated rabbit. This gives guiding in the design the appropriate therapeutic strategy.

Although the current treatment of schistosomiasis relies largely on praziquantel (PZQ), it has not significantly reduced the overall number of disease cases, perhaps due to inevitable resistance to PZQ. Previous studies showed that radiation-attenuated vaccine gives protection levels for Schistosoma mansoni in host various species. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of various vaccination strategies in C57BL/6 mice, including single or multiple vaccination strategy, subcurative dose (20 mg/kg) of PZQ, and a combination of single vaccination with subcurative dose of PZQ. Groups of five mice were sacrificed postinfection in 42 days and schistosomes were collected by perfusion and examined by scanning electron microscopy. Treatment either with subcurative dose of PZQ or with a single vaccination of attenuated cercariae (500 per mouse), caused significant reduction in total worm burden, hepatic and intestinal ova counts 43.03%, 73.2%, 59.5% and 37.97%, 52.02%, 26.3%, respectively. Furthermore, tegumental changes were observed, including severe swelling, fusion of tegumental folds, vesicle formation, and loss or shortening of the spines on the tubercles. However, multiple vaccination strategy resulted in much higher reduction in total worm burden, hepatic and intestinal ova count. However, multiple vaccination strategy resulted in high reduction of worm burden, hepatic and intestinal ova counts 72.5%, 90.7%, 65.79%, respectively, and further causing swollen, disruption of tubercles teguments and erosion, extensive peeling, fusion of tegumental folds. Our findings suggest that multiple vaccination strategy is the most effective strategy to clear schistosomal infection, indicating its potential in guiding the design of appropriate therapeutic strategy against schistosomes.

The purpose of the study is to explore the role of humoral immunity against Schistosoma mansoni infection in C57BL/6 mice using highly resistant rabbits that had been exposed to three separate immunizations with ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated cercariae (8,000 attenuated cercariae/rabbit in each immunization), and their sera were tested for their ability to transfer protection against S. mansoni challenge. The present study showed the reduction in challenge worm burden had reached 32.76-43.64% when compared with recipients of normal serum or no serum. The surface topography of the worms collected from immunized mice with either normal rabbit sera (NRS) or vaccinated rabbit sera (VRS) revealed severe tegumental alterations, especially in the VRS group. Worms collected from groups that were immunized by NRS or VRS postinfection (200 normal cercariae/mouse) by day 42. Worms from group immunized with NRS showed damage in the tegument, characterized by severe swelling or erosion of tegumental folds, accompanied by changes in tubercles, swelling, shortening, and loss of spines in male worms. The alteration in female tegument was characterized by swelling of tegumental folds, atrophy of ventral sucker, damage of sensory papillae along all the body, severe peeling in some regions, and appearance of few small blebs. VRS induced more severe tegumental damage than NRS in both male and female worms. Severe shrunken vesicles were protruded from the surface between the two suckers. The tegument of the male showed a collapse of tubercles followed by the appearance of vesicles on their surfaces, fusion, erosion, and superficial focal peeling of tegumental folds. In the female worms, severe damage to the oral sucker, the surface between the two suckers, extensive peeling, severe swelling of the tegument, and damage of sensory papillae. In conclusion, the present study support the hypothesis that high levels of antibodies were developed in rabbit sera after multiple exposures to attenuated cercariae of S. mansoni. Furthermore, immunization might have transferred protection against the infection, indicated by severe morphological alterations, a sign of elimination of the worms. Further investigation is being carried out to reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying the transfer of protection.

Those exhibit contemplate investigated the possibility schistosomicidal action from claiming both Ficus carica Furthermore Olea eurpoaea abandons extracts utilizing those schistosoma mansoni worm slaughtering test in vitro. Distinctive focuses from every extricate were used; they were 25, 50, 100 What's more 200 µg/ml. Eight worms were incubated for each extracts centralization for five days. An additional eight might have been utilized Toward including that's only the tip of the iceberg extricate focuses i. E. 400 What's more 800µg/ ml incubated best for person day. Praziquantel (PZQ) dealt with worms were utilized Similarly as sure control. Phytochemical screening of both extracts might have been conveyed out to identify extracts major compound constituents answerable for action. The comes about uncovered that the F.carica extricate indicated higher flavenoid fight over O. europaea extricate (63. 6, 23. 1 µg/g respectively) same time O. europaea extricate recorded higher phenolic fight over F. caica extricate (82. 5, 56. 7µg/ g respectively). Both extracts have proliferation in vitro antischistosomal movement. Those resultsindicated that variable rates for worm murdering exercises (10%-100%) fluctuating as stated by those measurements about both plant extracts and the span of the extricate brooding. The worm murdering exercises reveals to An profoundly critical build with those increment for both extracts expanded (P< 0. 0001). The LC50 and LC90 about both extracts might have been 21. 35 Also 43. 35 µg/ ml separately to fig Furthermore 47. 98 Furthermore 115. 9 individually to olive then afterward five days for brooding contrasted with 48. 21 Furthermore 52. 54 µg/ml for PZQ. Olive extracts reveals to All the more schistosomicidel exercises done bring down extracts focuses. These exercises turn into equals done more broodeng the long haul. With helter skelter extricate fixation those exercises about both extracts arrived at of the PZQ level Actually then afterward special case day from claiming brooding

A comparison has been made for the first time between the cholinergic components of the nervous system of important human digeneans namely Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium from infected hamster (Cricentus auratus) in Egypt. In each parasite, the central nervous system consists of two cerebral ganglia and three pairs of nerve cords (ventral, lateral, and dorsal) linked together by some transverse connectives and numerous ring commissures. Peripheral cholinergic innervation was detected in oral and ventral suckers and in some parts of female reproductive system in both species, but there were some differences. The possible functions of some of these nervous components are discussed.