Background and aim: The Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) is a stressful environment for high risk neonates. Persistent bright light is one of the main environmental stressors that are distressed newborn infants in NICU. Cycled lighting may decrease distress level of newborn infants by enhancing calming status. This study aimed to investigate effects of eye cover among high risk neonates at night shift on their distress levels.Methods: Quasi experimental research design was carried out on a randomized sample of 60 newborn infants attending the NICU of El Manial University Hospital (Kasr Al Ainy), (30 control group and 30 study group). Neonatal assessment tool and COMFORTneoNRS scale were utilized for data collection.Results: There was a statistically significant difference between control and study groups regarding the distress levels (p < .00). The mean score of distress levels were 6.80 ± 1.80 and 0.80 ± 1.15 respectively and the mean score of comfort levels in the newborn infants in the control and study groups were 23.22 ± 5.50 and 6.60 ± 1.06 respectively. Eye coved enhanced quite sleep (66.7%), relaxed muscle (73.3%), decrease movement (66.7%) and no crying (85.7%).Conclusions: The use of eye cover among high risk neonates at night shift is effective to decrease their distress level and improve their comfort state in the morning shift by promoting quite sleep and relaxation. Recommendations: The educational program is needed to raise awareness among neonatal nurses about the effect of light reduction methods such as eye patches on the distress level and comfort state that enhances the growth and development of newborn infants.

Background: Evidence demonstrates that controlling pain in the preterm infants during the neonatal periods is improving physiological, behavioral and hormonal outcomes. Eye shield and massage may play an important role as a non-pharmacological pain management during venipuncture. Aim: Is to investigate effect of eye shield and massage on preterm infants' pain response during venipuncture. Patients and Methods:Time seriesquasi experimental research design was carried out on a randomized sample of 100 newborn infants attending the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) of El Manial University Hospital (Kasr Al Ainy), (30control group,30 eye shield group and 30 massage group). Neonatal assessment tool and Preterm Infant Pain Profile (PIPP) were utilized for data collection. Results: There was a significant mean difference between control, eye shield and massage groups regarding PIPP pain assessment scores in three time frames (before venipuncture T 0 , during T 1 and after T 2) at P˂ 0.00 but there wasn't a significant mean differences after 5 min (T 3). Massage group had the fewest mean PIPP score during four time frames (3.50±0.97 before venipuncture, 8.16±1.91 during venipuncture, 4.30±4.30 after venipuncture and 3.22±0.81 after 5 minutes of venipuncture). Conclusion: ANOVA indicated that massage and eye shield groups showed a significant reduction in preterm infant's pain response than control group during venipuncture but massage was more effective than eye shield. Recommendations: Further studies needed to evaluate the effect of massage in combination with eye shield on preterm infant pain response.

Today's daily life is overwhelmed with electronic media and excessive technology exposure among young children became an expert users. Early exposure to technology such as television, smartphone, tablet and computer affected the language development among children. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommended that children under two years old should have minimal screen media exposure. Aim: To investigate the exposure to electronic media among children diagnosed with speech delay. Methods:Retrospective descriptive designwas done on a convenient sample of 100 children with their parentswho were attended psychiatric clinic in the Center of Social and Preventive Medicine, Cairo Universitywho diagnosed with speech delay.Structured interview questionnaire developed by the researchers, includesfourparts: personal characteristics of children and their parents;family electronic devices usage at home; types of electronic media exposure from 0-6 years oldand child history of the duration of electronic media exposure from 0-6 years old. Result:An average duration of electronic media per dayexposure was 3.74 hours for children less than 2 years old, 3.81 hours for children from 2 to less than 4 years and 3.41 hours for children from 4 to 6 years who suffered from speech delay, slightly less than two third of children less than 2 years oldwatched television,slightly more than one quarter of them (28%) used smart phone and increased to 42% of children from 2 to 4 years old, only 3 to 12 % of young children from 0-6 years old viewed tablet and one fifth of young children (2-6 years) viewed computer. Conclusion: Average duration of electronic media exposure per day for children less than 2 years who suffered from speech delaywas 3.74 hours, slightly less than two third of them watched television and slightly more than one quarter of them used smart phone. Recommendation:Further longitudinal study of early electronic media viewing and language development that follows children from birth to beyond age five.

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