BackgroundThe World Health Organization defines a “critical shortage” of health workers as being fewer than 2.28 health workers per 1000 population and failing to attain 80% coverage for deliveries by skilled birth attendants. We aimed to quantify the number of health workers in five African countries and the proportion of these currently working in primary health care facilities, to compare this to estimates of numbers needed and to assess how the situation has changed in recent years.MethodsThis study is a review of published and unpublished “grey” literature on human resources for health in five disparate countries: Mali, Sudan, Uganda, Botswana and South Africa.ResultsHealth worker density has increased steadily since 2000 in South Africa and Botswana which already meet WHO targets but has not significantly increased since 2004 in Sudan, Mali and Uganda which have a critical shortage of health workers. In all five countries, a minority of doctors, nurses and midwives are working in primary health care, and shortages of qualified staff are greatest in rural areas. In Uganda, shortages are greater in primary health care settings than at higher levels. In Mali, few community health centres have a midwife or a doctor. Even South Africa has a shortage of doctors in primary health care in poorer districts. Although most countries recognize village health workers, traditional healers and traditional birth attendants, there are insufficient data on their numbers.ConclusionThere is an “inverse primary health care law” in the countries studied: staffing is inversely related to poverty and level of need, and health worker density is not increasing in the lowest income countries. Unless there is money to recruit and retain staff in these areas, training programmes will not improve health worker density because the trained staff will simply leave to work elsewhere. Information systems need to be improved in a way that informs policy on the health workforce. It may be possible to use existing resources more cost-effectively by involving skilled staff to supervise and support lower level health care workers who currently provide the front line of primary health care in most of Africa.

Prone position may play an important role in improving and maintaining the optimal neonatal physiological parameters within desirable ranges. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effect of prone position for neonatal physiological parameters during non-invasive respiratory support. Time series quasi-experimental research design was carried out on a randomized purposive sample of 60 newborn infants attending the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) of El Manial University Hospital (Kasr Al Aini), (30 control group, and 30 intervention groups). Neonatal assessment and Physiological parameters tools were utilized for data collection. Results: There was a significant mean difference between the intervention group (during prone position) and control group (during supine position) regarding respiratory rate, heart rate, SPO2 scores in three-time frames (during T0before intervention, T11 st 5 min, T22 nd 5 min T33 rd 5 min) at P˂0.00 but. Conclusion:Neonatal positioning in the prone position is a simple, non-invasive, and free of charge method that could lead to improve oxygenation in High-risk neonates undergoing noninvasive respiratory support (Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (NCPAP). Recommendations: Further studies needed to evaluate the effect of positioning change on high-risk neonates' Physiological parameters response.

Back ground: Stem cell transplantation has generally painstaking as a curative management and also is a lifesaving technique for children with a many of malignant and non-malignant diseases. So the aim of this study: was to develop clinical protocol for nursing practice for improving care of children with cancer through: 1-Assess nurses' knowledge and practices towards implementing stem cell transplantation therapy. 2-Design, implement and evaluate the effect of clinical protocol regarding to care of children with cancer.

Adolescence is an essential phase of human development and is characterized by significant physical changes and maturation, so the adolescents face different problems in dealing with these rapid changes which affect their satisfaction with their bodies and self-esteem. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of counseling enrichment sessions for adolescents about their body image and self-esteem. Design: A quasiexperimental design was used. Setting: The study was conducted in Zahraa Helwan preparatory secondary girls school at Wadi Hof. Sample: Purposive sample including 180 adolescent girls. Tools: A semi-structured interview questionnaire was used to collect the data and involved four parts: Part 1. Demographic characteristic data, Part 2. Anthropometric measurements. Part 3. Body Image test, and Part 4. Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory. Results: There was a positive relation between body image and self-esteem pre and post counseling enrichment sessions which mean that, the girls' body image was affected dependently on their self-esteem. Also body image and selfesteem were improved post counseling enrichment sessions with highly statistically significant difference. Conclusion:The counseling enrichment sessions for body image and self-esteem have positive effect on adolescents. Recommendations: Therapeutic programs to guide those who have unsatisfied body image to optimize consensus, improve their mental health and self-esteem. And teachers, parents, and school nurses should receive periodically education related to the development of secondary sexual characteristics during puberty of adolescents.

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