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Nanoformulation of agrochemicals has become a potential choice to improve the physicochemical properties, enhance the utilization efficiency, and reduce the side effects and ecotoxicity of many hazardous chemicals. Here, we tailored a new formulation platform for gibberellic acid (GA) using the layered double hydroxides (LDH) as a potential carrier. Typically, we synthesized, characterized, and potentially applied the newly nanoformulated form of GA on the quantity and quality properties of Dendranthema grandiflorum cultivar. We also evaluated the synergetic effect of the carrier LDH on the release behavior of GA, showing a remarkable impact on the utilization efficiency of GA. The nanohybrid structure of GA also showed an enhanced thermal stability and safe preservation for the incorporated moieties. Taking into account the hazardous effect of free GA on the environment and human health, the hybrid technique of GA is one of the best choices among all of the studied protocols.

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The woody legume known as Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) is found all over the globe. Its rapid growth and capacity to fix nitrogen (N2) with rhizobia are the main contributors to improve its ecological, physiological, and commercial significance. Leucaena is an appropriate species to serve as a model for other woody legumes because of these traits. Therefore, its symbiotic relationship with mycorrhizal fungus has attracted a lot of interest. Plant stress responses can be mediated by vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (VAM) symbionts via increasing stress tolerance. The study was carried out in a greenhouse at the private nursery in Itay El-Baroud city and the Laboratories of the Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, in collaboration with the Laboratories of the Soil and Water Development Center, Damanhour, El-Beheira Governorate, Egypt, over two consecutive seasons, 2020 and 2021. This study was conducted to determine the effect of dual inoculation with endomycorrhizal fungi (VAM) and Rhizobium (R) bacteria on the growth and minerals of the leaves in seedlings of Leucaena in the presence and absence of rock phosphate, management of the stimulatory or antagonistic relationship of symbiotic factors (VAM and R). The experimental design was a split -plot system with five replications on randomized complete block design (RCBD).