According to the findings, uncomplicated pancreatic surgery patients may benefit from the ERAS programme. Preadmission counselling should help patients to assume an active role. Once the patient returns home, the availability of a caregiver should be thoroughly assessed to guarantee the support needed by patients to successfully complete the ERAS(programme. Surgery and nursing staff should carefully monitor patients and suggest whether they continue, interrupt, or individualise the scheduled ERAS interventions in accordance with a patient's clinical condition and preferred personal timing.

Abstract-We describe the various aspects involved in building FastTrans, a scalable, parallel microsimulator for transportation networks that can simulate and route tens of millions of vehicles on real-world road networks in a fraction of real time. Vehicular trips are generated using agent-based simulations that provide realistic, daily activity schedules for a synthetic population of millions of intelligent agents. We use parallel discrete-event simulation techniques and distributed-memory algorithms to scale these simulations to over one thousand compute nodes. We present various optimizations for speeding up simulation execution times, including (i) a set of routing algorithms such as variations of Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm and heuristicbased A * search, and (ii) a number of different partitioning schemes for load balancing, including geographic partitioning (that assigns simulation entities that are geographically close by to the same processor) and scattering (that assigns geographically close by entities to different processors). Our main findings include: (i) A * significantly outperforms other routing algorithms while computing near-optimal paths; (ii) surprisingly, scattering outperforms more sophisticated partitioning schemes by achieving near-perfect load-balancing. With optimized routing and partitioning, FastTrans is able to simulate a full 24 hour work-day in New York -involving over one million road links and approximately 25 million vehicular trips -in less than one hour of wall-clock time on a 512-node cluster.

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An approach to the modeling of Critical Infrastructure can be the integration of already implemented and heterogeneous simulators. In this way the model builder can concentrate more on the modeling of interdependencies between heterogeneus infrastructure than on the developing of a huge and unique simulator. The HLA standard is probably one of the more common technique to reach such goal. We present the architecture and implementation of the HLAOMNet++:an HLA-1516 network simulator used to simulate the communication network infrastructure

The quantification of interdependencies is a major challenge when attempting to analyze the behavior of critical infrastructures. This paper presents a taxonomy of interdependency quantification metrics based on their information content, decision support and risk analysis capabilities, and computational costs. The paper also discusses a systematic approach for computing metrics and performance indices that measure the effectiveness of strategies designed to enhance critical infrastructure protection and resilience. A case study is used to illustrate the computation of the metrics and performance indices, and their application to the analysis of critical infrastructure interdependencies.Keywords: Interdependencies, metrics, federated simulation IntroductionA critical infrastructure is a physical system that, if disrupted, can seriously affect the national security, economy and social welfare of a nation. Examples of critical infrastructures include telecommunications, electric power systems, natural gas and oil, banking and finance, transportation, water supply systems, government and emergency services [1]. Clearly, modern society cannot function if large portions of the critical infrastructure are disrupted or destroyed.In order to understand the behavior of critical infrastructures, it is necessary to accurately model and quantify their interdependencies [14] [7,9] and graph theory [15,16]. Quantitative approaches typically engage discrete simulation or agent-based modeling and simulation (ABMS) [3][4][5][6]14]. Please use the following format when citing this chapter:Casalicchio, E. and Galli, E., 2008, in IFIP International Federation for Information Processing, Volume 290; Critical Infrastructure Protection II, eds. Papa, M., Shenoi, S., (Boston: Springer), pp. 215-227. CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION IIWhile considerable research has focused on interdependency modeling and analysis, very few efforts have examined the issue of quantifying interdependencies. Zimmerman [17] has proposed explicit metrics for quantifying interdependencies. One metric measures the "direction" of infrastructure failures as the ratio between the number of times one type of infrastructure causes damage to another type of infrastructure and the number of times other types of infrastructures cause damage to the first type of infrastructure. Zimmerman and Restrepo [18] have specified a metric that measures the duration of cascading effects; they use this metric to quantify the effects of U.S. power grid outages on other infrastructures. This paper presents a taxonomy that classifies interdependency metrics on the basis of their information content, decision support and risk analysis capabilities, and computational costs. In addition, it describes systematic approaches for computing metrics using system or model observations, and for calculating performance indices that measure the effectiveness of strategies designed to enhance critical infrastructure protection and resilience.In general, interdependency metrics may be cla...