Solid waste management in low-income and medium countries is a critical issue because of financial problems and a lack of practice in appropriate technology. The practice used for solid waste disposal in the majority of Ethiopian towns was a traditional approach such as dumping into river water, roadside diversion ditches, and open field disposal. The main objective of this research project was to determine the technology for solving urban solid waste management problems in the case of Asella, Arsi, and Oromia, Ethiopia. A longitudinal study design was selected for the field community survey data collection process. The sampling techniques designed for data collection were systematic and random sampling methods implemented on 423 households. Multiple logistic regression statistical analysis was selected to formulate an equation used for calculating the quantity of energy produced from solid wastes. The results of the solid waste management system were 86(20.6%) open field disposal, 87(20.8%) dumping to river water, 135(32.3%) open burning, 57(13.6%) composting and 53(12.7%) other methods of solid waste disposal. The solid waste collection activities were handled by municipality 281(9.6%), private partnership 92(22%), and 35(8.4%) waste scavengers from households. The maximum frequency of municipal office solid waste collection was 154 (36.8%) once per month from households. The public dissatisfaction rate with solid waste collection was 59.8%. The final collected solid waste was transported and ended up in open field disposal. Thus the practice of the solid waste management system in Asella was poor so which result in environmental pollution and create adverse health impacts. The solid waste generation rate was 0.55kg/person/day. The amount of energy generated from solid waste is 4.72443E + 11KWH per week. In conclusion, energy processing technologies of anaerobic digestion, gasification, pyrolysis, and incineration in addition to composting were recommended solutions for solid waste management problems in the case of Asella town.

Purpose: Hospital acquired infection (HAI) is an infection acquired a major global concern of wellbeing, affecting the quality of care in the health care setting. Routine surveillance of infection is an important part of infection prevention (IP) and quality assurance in hospitals. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and associated factors of HAI at inpatients, in Hawassa university comprehensive specialized hospital (HUCSH). Method and materials: A weekly based cross-sectional study was conducted at inpatients in HUCSH. All eligible inpatients admitted for at least three days on the day of survey were included. The study was conducted from June 28/2021 to August 23/2021. Environmental health professionals and nurses collected the data according to the Centers for Disease Control through observational assessment documented by physician. Coded and cleaned data from Epi-data version 3.5 were transferred to SPSS version 23 for analysis. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to determine the prevalence of HAIs and associations between independent and dependent variables. . Results: A total of 413 patients were included in this survey, the median age of the participants was 26 years (interquartile range:3 month to 80 years). A total of 352 (85.2%) patients diagnosed with non-fatal disease during the survey. There were 49 patients with HAI, with a mean prevalence of 11.9 %. Coagulate negative staphylococcus (CONS) 27.27%), and E. coli (27.27) were the most frequently reported HAI-causing pathogens from the result of culture. The association of patients admission diagnosis (admit with rapidly fatal disease and ultimately fatal disease), length of hospital stay (more than five days of hospital stay) and absence of running tap water at patients room with the occurrence of HAI were statistically significant. Conclusion: Surgical site infections (SSI) and blood stream infection (BSI) were the most common types of HAIs. The proportion of HAIs among wards, indicated a large variability. Therefore, Hospital management and health care workers (HCWs) should give more attention on the practice of infection prevention (IP) in order to achieve a reduced prevalence of HAIs in the study setting.