Among 180 Turkish university students, the probability of suicide was strongly predicted by both hopelessness and deficiencies in problem solving. In addition, for women, unhealthy attachment styles (preoccupied and dismissing) also predicted suicidality. The clinical implications of these findings are that psychotherapists should focus on helping suicidal adolescents improve their problem solving skills and decreasing their hopelessness and, for women, assisting them to develop healthier relationship styles.

In samples of 100 Turkish undergraduates and 87 American undergraduates, having a Taoist orientation was not consistently associated with fear of death and dying.

A negative association between having a Taoist orientation to life and death anxiety was found for a sample of 99 American students but not in a sample of 100 Turkish students.

A positive association between having a Taoist orientation to life and unity in the subjective perception of the self was found in samples of both American (n = 99) and Turkish (n = 100) respondents.

Associations of .35 and -.34, respectively, were found for a measure of having a Taoist orientation to life with death anxiety and the perception that one's self is unified (versus fragmented) in samples of 41 Korean high school and 145 Korean university students.