The age, type, etc., time of injury, body areas injured, treatment modalities and mortality rates were reviewed in 185 dogs and 11 cats that were bitten by dogs. Male dogs were more frequently bitten than females, and small dogs (< or = 10 kg) were not only the most common victims but also were more likely to suffer multiple injuries. Mortality occurred only in cases with thoracic or abdominal injuries. Exploratory thoracotomy, performed in some of the cases presented with penetrating thoracic injury, did not prove to alter prognosis. Cats are not as frequently bitten as dogs, and are often younger than the mean age of cats in the overall hospital population.

Aim Congenital undescended scapula (Sprengel deformity) is a rare deformity that is reported in the literature mostly as small case series with short-or medium-term follow-up periods. Here, we aimed to present the long-term results of this deformity treated with modified Green procedure. Method The modified Green procedure was performed in 24 patients (28 shoulders) with Sprengel deformity. Clavicular osteotomy accompanied in all, and omovertebral bone excision in 13 shoulders. The mean age of the patients at the time of surgery was 4.5 years (range 1.5-17 years). Mean follow-up period was 11 years 4 months (4.3-17 years). Preoperative cosmetic appearance was noted as Cavendish III in 17 shoulders and as IV in 11 shoulders. In addition to the Cavendish scale, shoulder abduction, shoulder asymmetry, and scapular elevation and medialization were evaluated. ResultsThe decrease in scapular elevation and Cavendish scale, and the improvement in shoulder abduction and scapular medialization postoperatively were statistically significant (P \ 0.001). Cosmetic improvement of at least one Cavendish grade were attained in 88.9% of shoulders. One patient (unilateral) who was Cavendish grade IV preoperatively died in the early postoperative period from unrelated causes. Of the remaining 10 preoperatively grade IV shoulders, 2 remained at the same grade, 1 improved to grade III, and 7 shoulders to grade I. Of the 17 preoperatively grade III shoulders, 1 shoulder stayed the at same grade, 7 shoulders improved to II, and 9 shoulders to grade I. Postoperative winging in 2 shoulders and hypertrophic scarring in 6 shoulders were noted. Conclusion The modified Green procedure is a relatively safe and reliable method in the treatment of severe Sprengel deformity cases and provides highly constructive and aesthetic results in the long term.

Quantification of joint space width of the ankle could provide information essential to evaluate the effects of potential disease-modifying agents and adverse effects of devices intended to ameliorate osteoarthritis elsewhere in the lower extremity. Current methods require proprietary software or have not been well validated; our purpose was to develop and assess the reliability of a digital joint space width quantification method using public access software. We studied 95 patients, asymptomatic in the ankles and without history of ankle trauma, but with symptomatic medial knee osteoarthritis, participating in an ongoing longitudinal trial. Weightbearing anteroposterior radiographs of the ankle and supine radiographs of the pelvis were assessed, and the narrowest medial and lateral tibiotalar joint space widths and hip joint space widths were measured using Image J software (US NIH, Bethesda, MD). Medial joint space widths were 2.56 +/- 0.50 and 2.55 +/- 0.48 mm, and lateral joint space widths were 2.45 +/- 0.55 and 2.44 +/- 0.52 mm, for right and left ankle, respectively. Coefficients of variation for repeat measurements by the same observer were 1.13% and 4.5%, and by different observers 7.30% and 7.27%, for medial and lateral joint space widths, respectively. Men had wider joint space widths than women when accounting for height. Joint space width of the ankle correlated with the joint space width of the hip and with height and weight, but not with age.

Popliteal block is effective for postoperative analgesia, decreasing the paracetamol consumption and sevoflurane requirement in children with CP undergoing lower limb surgery. Trial registration ClinicalTrial.gov identifier: NCT02507700.

In this prospective case series we evaluated the effectiveness and safety of using an anterior approach to paediatric supracondylar humerus fractures. We gathered data on 46 children that had a displaced supracondylar fracture of the humerus. All the patients had sustained a Gartland type III extension fracture that could not be reduced by closed means. Open reduction through an anterior approach was performed and two Kirschner wires were used to fix the fracture to the medial and lateral sides. Patients were recalled for follow-up and were evaluated using Flynn's radiological and clinical criteria. Loss of extension and flexion was noted by clinical assessment and carrying angle measured on radiograms. A follow-up examination performed in the 24th postoperative week showed that all fractures had healed; the patients' outcomes were rated as excellent or good according to Flynn's criteria. As a result the anterior approach for open reduction of paediatric supracondylar humeral fractures is a safe and reliable method with very good results.