Bombus terrestris dalmatinus is naturally common in many countries, including Turkey, and is also used commercially for the pollination of greenhouse plants. Intensive commercial production and international trade in many countries are considered as reasons for the disappearance of some natural populations. Hybridization of native bumble bees with those produced commercially, but having escaped from greenhouses and colonization of these commercial bees in natural habitats are cause for concern. In order to assess this concern, B. t. dalmatinus workers were collected from twelve different populations: five commercial producers, three surrounding greenhouse centers, three natural areas at least 30 km away from greenhouses, and one more recent greenhouse zone in Antalya, Turkey. The genetic variations and relationships among the twelve populations were estimated using SNP haplotypes determined in mitochondrial COI and CytB. Twenty and sixteen haplotypes were obtained for COI and CytB, respectively. A single haplotype, H1, was widespread with a high frequency in all individuals for both genes. Individuals collected from around greenhouse centers and commercial companies had more common haplotypes. The genetic variations of intra-populations were higher than the interpopulations in both COI (65.41%>34.59%) and CytB (72.47%>27.53%). The natural and commercial populations were genetically more distant from each other considering Fst values. However, samples from near the greenhouses had a higher similarity with the commercially produced samples, while the natural populations far away from greenhouses still retained their genetic distinctiveness.

Determination of genetic resources and their diversity constitutes are the initial step of the breeding programs. Before starting to the selection of the desired properties, many molecular methods are used to determine the existing genetic potential and determine the genotypic values. Many molecular methods (RAPD, RFLP, AFLP, SSR and DNA sequencing etc.) based on PCR technology are used to identify populations, identify genes related to yield and resistance, and demonstrate phylogenetic relationships. Many software’s for the analysis of molecular datasets obtained from molecular methods have been developed and the field of bioinformatics was born. In this study, after DNA sequence analysis; it is aimed to give information about haplotype analysis by determining SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism's) in individuals of populations, calculation of the genetic distance among populations and within populations, and software and analysis used for phylogenetic tree drawing.

In this study, we investigated the effect of SNP haplotypes on insulin-like growth factor gene (IGF-1) related with weights of body, back, chest, leg and wing in the fifteen generation selected Japanese quail (C. coturnix japonica) lines according to the 5th week live weight. 8 SNP haplotypes were identified in the 167-bp DNA sequence of the IGF-1 gene coding region identified in a total of 108 individuals from three quail lines (control, high body weight: HBW and low body weight: LBW). ANOM (Analysis of Means of Analysis) was performed to determine the relationships between carcass components with SNP haplotypes and to compare quail genotypes. There were significant differences between the quail lines in terms of SNP haplotypes. As a result, it was determined that fifteen-generation selection in Japanese quails resulted in differences in insulin-like growth factor-1 gene and these differences were reflected in carcass components.