Elevated plasma total homocysteine is considered to be a graded risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Folate, through its homocysteine-lowering potential, may therefore be protective. Folate, however, may have protective effects independent of homocysteine-lowering. We have measured the effects of folate on Cu-catalysed oxidative damage to the unsaturated lipids in human LDL. Experiments were carried out in the presence of citrate, and followed increases in absorption at 234 nm, which measures the amount of conjugated diene produced. There is a lag time during which endogenous antioxidants are oxidised, followed by rapid oxidation of lipid. Addition of 0–6 μM-5-methyltetrahydrofolate produced a dose-dependent increase in the lag time, suggesting that folate may have a direct anti-oxidant role in vivo, which is independent of any indirect effects through lowering of homocysteine levels.

Solid-state deuterium NMR (2H NMR) was used to study the dynamics of the tyrosine (Tyr) residue in silk fibroin from Bombyx mori (B. mori) and Samia cynthia ricini (S. c. ricini). Specifically deuterated cocoon silk was obtained by feeding silk worms with Tyr, labeled either at the Cβ carbon ([3,3-2H2]Tyr) or at the aromatic ring ([3‘,5‘-2H2]Tyr). The 2H NMR spectra of the [3,3-2H2]Tyr-labeled silk fibroins showed typical rigid powder patterns, indicating that there is essentially no motion about the Cα−Cβ bond axis, both in B. mori and S. c. ricini. In contrast, the 2H NMR spectra of the [3‘,5‘-2H2]Tyr-labeled silk fibroins consisted of two dynamic components each:  a rigid powder contribution, plus a motionally averaged contribution. Hence, some of the Tyr side chains are mobile at the phenolic ring. This motion was characterized to be a π-flip as is typical of aromatic rings. The corresponding 2H NMR line-shape of the B. mori sample could be successfully simulated by attributing 20% of the signal to a motionally averaged component with a fast rate (106 Hz) and the remaining 80% to a much slower component (<103 Hz). Likewise, the simulation of S. c. ricini silk fibroin indicated that 60% of the rings are engaged in fast motional averaging (107 Hz), while 40% undergo slow motion (104 Hz). Thus, the fraction of the fast component is considerably higher for S. c. ricini silk fibroin than for B. mori, which must be a consequence of their different amino acid sequences. It appears that the side-chain mobility depends on the local packing density around the Tyr residue. We conclude that the Gly-Ala repeats in B. mori silk fibroin are relatively tightly packed. In contrast, a large part of the Gly-rich regions in S. c. ricini are comparatively loosely packed.