Based on the anatomical difference in various ethnic groups, we propose the best strategy for Asian patients with the involutional entropion.

Bacteria cellulose prepared from nata de coco which is composed of pure cellulose nanofibers. The nanofibers were dispersed in ethanol or distilled water and were stirred and then filtered to obtain paper-like sheets. The diameters of the nanofibers were in the range of 30 to 60 nm. The sheets were carbonized and then heat-treated at temperatures between 2400 and 3200 °C in a high purity Ar flow under atmospheric pressure, and the texture and structure of the heat-treated sheets were investigated. Cellulose-based carbon materials are known to be one of nongraphitizing carbons. However, graphitization of the carbon sheets was observed as a result of the heat treatments, and was especially apparent for those from the nanofibers dispersed in ethanol. The development of a graphite structure in the carbon nanofibers of the sheets seems to be attributed to graphitization on the surface of nongraphitizing carbon, and the surface graphitization seems to extend to the insides of the carbon nanofibers with very thin diameters of 30-60 nm. The graphitization degree of the 3200 °C-treated sheet derived from the nanofibers dispersed in ethanol was nearly comparable to that for a commercial graphite nanofiber powder VGCF ® . However, the improvement in structural perfection with heat treatment for the carbon sheets was less remarkable in comparison with that for typical graphitizing carbons. The limited graphitization behavior of the heat-treated sheets may be attributed to their heterogeneous structure.

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Using EELS, we can measure a representative amount of energy lost in a fast electron struck against and transmitted through a thin sample by scattering 4 . The electron energy loss spectrum EEL spectrum can be obtained with an electron energy loss spectrometer equipped with a transmission electron microscope. The EEL spectrum shows the scattered intensity as a function of the decrease in kinetic energy of the fast electron, i.e. the energy loss. At higher values of energy loss, the electron intensity decreases with a high power of energy loss and superposes features related to the inner shell excitation on the smoothly decreasing intensity. As the energy loss increases, the intensities of the inner shell electron take the form of edges rather than peaks, the intensity rising rapidly and then falling more slowly. A sharp rise occurs at the ionization threshold. The smoothly decreasing intensities mentioned above constitute the background intensity for the intensities of the inner shell electron.The value of the energy loss at the ionization threshold represents approximately the binding energy of the corresponding atomic shell. The ionization edges present in an energy-loss spectrum indicate which elements occur within the sample, because innershell binding energies depend on the atomic number of the atom scattering electrons. The concentrations of the constituent atoms in the sample can be evaluated from the EEL spectra, i.e. the innershell excitation EEL spectra, for the atoms.On B-SWNT bundles, it was reported that the concentration ratio of the boron to carbon NB/NC ratio differed in a wide range from bundle to bundle and the ratio also depended on the position of the EELS probe along or across the bundle axis 3 . For the individual B-MWNT, however, the dependence of the boron concentration on the EELS probe position along or across the B-MWNT axis has not Emi Shindou* ,❖ , Naoki Hamamura*, Akira Yoshida*, Yutaka Kaburagi** and Yoshihiro Hishiyama*** A pellet of as-grown multi-walled carbon nanotubes MWNTs prepared by compression was heat-treated at 3000 for 30 min to eliminate metal impurities and a piece of the 3000 -treated pellet was boron doped with a diffusion method. Electron energy loss EEL spectrum measurements for an individual boron-doped MWNT B-MWNT selected from the boron doped pellet were taken along the central line of the high resolution transmission electron microscope image, i.e. the line of the MWNT axis of the individual B-MWNT. Along the central line, a K-shell excitation EEL spectrum composed of two spectra, a weak boron K-shell excitation EEL spectrum and a strong carbon K-shell excitation EEL spectrum, was obtained at some positions, while at other positions only a carbon K-shell excitation EEL spectrum was recorded. Semi quantitative analysis of the energy loss near the edge structure of the boron K-edge revealed that boron doping had taken place quite locally in the individual B-MWNT.