No abstract

The MQPO is a tool able to study personality as a process by focusing on the relationships between personality and developmental process axes, which are the bases of the PMO's theory, according to the APR approach.

Reciprocity with primary care-givers affects subjects' adaptive abilities towards the construction of the most useful Personal Meaning Organization (PMO) with respect to their developmental environment. Over the last ten years we analyzed the post-rationalist approach focusing on the construction of a specific framework for distinguishing immediate experience from explanations of the experience, the slow-motion ("moviola") technique, and the analysis of awareness and resistance. Neuroimaging (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, fMRI), genetic polymorphism investigations and new psychodiagnostic post-rationalist tests (Mini Questionnaire of Personal Organization, MQPO, and Post-Rationalist Projective Reactive, PRPR) were used to conduct a scientific in vivo study of PMO. The presence of specific and stable clinical patterns both in inward and outward subjects was supported by parallel differences in cerebral activation during emotional tasks at fMRI and in the different expression of some polymorphisms concerning serotonin pathways; Furthermore, validation data concerning both a questionnaire (as MQPO) and, crucially, a projective test (as PRPR) allowed to distinguish four organizational profiles, confirming their adaptive significance in assimilation of experience. Focusing on the PMO promotes the emergence of adaptive individual resources, thereby improving skills needed to control perturbing emotions and to apply more flexible behaviour strategies.

Depression is among the most common psychological disorders of adolescents. Its management is based on pharmacological treatment, psychological therapy, or a combination thereof. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the most extensively tested intervention for adolescent depression. A PubMed search was conducted for randomized controlled trials (RCT) of the efficacy of CBT in treating adolescents with depressive symptoms published in 2005-2015. Keywords were "cognitive behavioral therapy", "group therapy", "depression" and "adolescent". Of the 23 papers that were retrieved, only six met all inclusion criteria. Three of them reported a significant reduction in depressive symptom severity after either individual or group (G)-CBT compared with the control group, even with a small number of CBT sessions (six rather than 10-12), with a medium or medium-to-large effect size. One study reported improved self-awareness and a significantly greater increase in perceived friend social support compared with bibliotherapy and check with brochure. Two studies reported clinical symptom reduction without significant differences compared with the control group (activity contrast). This review highlighted primarily that very few RCT have applied CBT in adolescents; moreover, it confirmed the effectiveness of G-CBT, especially as psychotherapy, although it was not always superior to other interventions (e.g. other activities in prevention programs). Comparison showed that G-CBT and group interpersonal psychotherapy were both effective in reducing depressive symptoms. Successful G-CBT outcomes were related to the presence of peers, who were an important source of feedback and support to observe, learn, and practice new skills to manage depressive symptoms and improve social-relational skills.

RESUMENEl vaginismo es una disfunción sexual femenina que genera gran impacto en la relación de pareja. En el presente artículo se busca describir, desde la psicología cognitiva post-racionalista, aquellas características identitarias y de personalidad observadas en 50 mujeres diagnosticadas con vaginismo primario sin antecedentes de alteraciones físicas o ginecológicas y con una historia de vida sin traumas ni abusos sexuales. De acuerdo a lo observado, se trata de mujeres con una positiva visión de sí mismas, que se orientan hacia la consecución del control entre dos necesidades típicamente contrapuestas, la de ser protegidas y la de sentirse libres e independientes. Por ello tienden a centrarse en la regulación de la distancia entre acercamiento y alejamiento respecto de los demás, sobrecontrolando sus emociones. Así, el vaginismo constituiría una forma en la cual se limita la intromisión y la constricción por parte del otro, a la vez que se evita la dependencia del mismo, y se ejerce control sobre el compromiso emocional mediante la no entrega completa de sí misma durante la relación sexual. PALABRAS CLAVE: Vaginismo, disfunción sexual, identidad, post-racionalismo SUMMARYVaginismus is female sexual dysfunction that generates big impact on the relationship. The present article seeks to describe, from the post-rationalist cognitive psychology, those identity and personality characteristics observed in 50 women diagnosed with primary vaginismus without history of physical or gynecological disorders and a history of life without trauma or sexual abuse. According to observations, it is women with a positive view of themselves, which are oriented towards control between two typically conflicting requirements, that of being protected and to feel free and independent. Therefore tend to focus on the regulation of the distance between rapprochement and estrangement from others, overcontrolling their emotions. So, vaginismus constitute a form in which the intrusion is limited and constrained by the other, while avoiding dependence thereof, and exercised control over emotional engagement through full delivery not herself during intercourse.