The Basilica of San Francesco in Assisi endured stronger earthquakes for centuries before 1997 earthquake, which generated the collapse of the two vaults. Experts blame as possible reasons of collapse the damage cumulated from previous earthquakes and/or the retrofitting made to the structure over its lifetime. In this paper is presented the history of the retrofit interventions of the Basilica through the centuries, focusing mainly on the roof, which has been subjected to three major restorations through its life. It is shown using simple analytical models that the cumulative effects of the changes made to the roof of the Basilica affected the structure's dynamic behavior in a negative manner, increasing the seismic loads on the existing structural members. In particular, the numerical results show that the 1958 roof intervention has stiffened the structure,

<p>During the 1997 Umbria-Marche earthquake, two of the vaults of the Basilica of San Francesco in Assisi collapsed as a result of two earthquakes with 5.6 and 5.8 magnitudes. The structure had endured stronger earthquakes for centuries before these events, and there are likely many reasons for the 1997 collapse, such as damages cumulated from previous earthquakes or the retrofitting made to the structure over its lifetime. A full description and history of the different retrofit interventions of the Basilica are presented. In particular, the Basilica's roof has been subjected to three major restorations in its life. Besides, this study considers the effects of the different roof interventions on the global dynamic behavior of the structure. A simple analytical model is employed to show trends in the structure's seismic response to the 2nd shock of the 1997 earthquake given the changes in stiffness and mass of the roof over the centuries. The results of the analytical model suggest that the roof interventions have had the effect of decreasing the structure's fundamental period, and therefore, attracting more seismic loads to the façade and the transept. These were overloaded, leading to a probable nonlinear behavior that might explain the collapse of the two Gothic vaults.</p>